The Music Of The 1940 S - 1273 Words

The music of the 1940’s was the Big Band sound like Tommy Dorsey, Glenn Miller, Duke Ellington and Benny Goodman. Popular singers were the Andrews Sisters, Kay Kaiser and many other famous ones. There were crooner style singers, including Bing Crosby, whose smooth voice made him one of the most popular singers. There was Frank Sinatra, Dinah Shore, Tony Bennett, Pat Boone, Nat King Cole, Kate Smith and Perry Como. All of these very popular singers led the hit parade. They sang the songs that went with the mood of the country in the early 50s. Many of these crooners became the idols of the decade’s later rock and roll stars, who used their influence to create a unique sound. Nat King Cole was not only one of the first African†¦show more content†¦Radio was the lifeline for Americans in the 1940’s, providing news, music and entertainment, much like television today. Programming included soap operas, quiz shows, children’s hours, mystery stories, drama and sports. Kate Smith and Arthur Godfrey were popular radio hosts. The government relied heavily on radio for propaganda. Like the movies, radio faded in popularity as television became prominent. Many of the most popular radio shows continued on in television, including Red Skelton, Abbott and Costello, Jack Benny, Bob Hope and Truth or Consequences. Although my grandmother was a young child during this time, she still remembers the music very vividly, but what she remembers most was her mother always singing along with the radio and dancing around the house as she performed her household chores. Bing Crosby also was a whistler and her mother could also whistle any tune just as good as he did. She passed this happiness and love for music on to my grandmother. As a matter of fact, both of my grandmother’s grandmothers passed on that love of music to her as well. It didn’t stop there. Along came the 1950’s. This is the decade that gave birth to Rock n Roll. There is no one type of popular ‘50s music. During the decade, soloists and crooners shared the stage with rock and roll, country and western, bluegrass, folk, Cajun and creole music. It’s impossible to pin ‘50s music to any one style.

Philosophy Of Nursing Teaching Nursing - 1454 Words

Philosophy of Nursing Introduction / Importance of the Philosophy of Nursing As professional nurses, we all have our different beliefs and perceptions as to the nursing profession. An individual philosophy of nursing is defined by each nurse’s belief. My philosophy of nursing is rooted in my fundamental understanding of human beings and their nature of existence, rooted in the values of accountability, compassion, and professionalism. I do believe as a nurse, one should possess the qualities of disease knowledge base, compassion, honesty, professional skills, patient advocacy, and autonomy in the conduct of their practice. Every nurse is responsible over their own actions and judgements. The importance / significance of the nursing philosophy is engraved through the beliefs/ values that I hold that captivates my practice. It enables me to offer compassionate care, not only to the patients but also to their families. You not only focus on meeting their physical needs, but their emotional needs as well. It is also important to maintain patients respect, honesty, privacy, and autonomy which goes to further a trustworthy relationship with your patients. Knowledge is also an important element that an effective nurse should possess. By being a well-rounded knowledgeable nurse, this ensures one is able to incorporate classroom knowledge and skills into their practice which forms a firm foundation on which to base his/ her nursing judgment on. Nursing Definition As illustrated,Show MoreRelatedTeaching A Personal Nursing Philosophy Essay958 Words   |  4 PagesWhen asked to develop a personal nursing philosophy caring was found to be the main component. Jean Watson’s Caring Science as Sacred Science reflects this philosophy in which caring is the predominate component needed in nursing. This paper will provided basic information on the Caring Science as Sacred Science Theory. The paper will further provide a personal example of a patient experience in which this theory shaped the care and healing of the patient. The personal experience to be shown in thisRead MoreNursing : Health Cooperation, And Personal Philosophy Of Nursing Care1339 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal: Philosophy of Nursing Care Introduction Nursing philosophies are used by many institutions and places of employment. It is important that student nurses and nurses read and gain knowledge from their facilities nursing philosophy. Philosophies give the nurse a guideline of how their facility defines the aspects of nursing and what is expected of them as nurses of that facility. It is essential for nurses to go back after they have graduated from nursing school and reread the nursing philosophyRead MoreHigher Education Faculty Teaching Philosophy845 Words   |  4 PagesHigher Education Faculty Teaching Philosophy Introduction Many higher institutions have a statement of philosophies of their own derived from their pioneer or parent institutions or organizations (Higgins Leonora, 2009). The Catholic University of America School of Nursing has its pioneer group that is the Catholic Church. Therefore, every value, virtue, norm, composition and beliefs are all originated from the Catholic Church and are thus modified to fit its environmentRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Nursing Education1333 Words   |  6 PagesMy philosophy of nursing education develops out of my philosophy of nursing. They are woven together as I am both a nurse and educator. I don t desire to be one without the other; and, I trust the two together are much more grounded than either one alone. My philosophy of nursing is based off the four concepts of nursing. The four concepts of nursing are person, health, nursing, and environment. My own philosophy of teaching is a result of numerous impacts including background, guideline, a mergingRead MorePersonal Philosophy of Nursing810 Words   |  4 PagesSeptember 2012 Personal Philosophy of Nursing The American Nurses Association defines nursing as, â€Å"protection, and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of the individuals, families, communities, and populations.† (American Nurses Association, 2004, p. 7) There is a lot of work in nursing. There are lot of cores, focuses, visions, and philosophies of nursing. In my opinion there areRead MoreHistory of Education and Philosophy of Nurse Education1416 Words   |  6 PagesHistory and Philosophy of Nurse Education Amy Allin Capella University Abstract Each educator brings to the academic arena their own personal nursing philosophy that is based on experience and is historic in nature. By studying the history of nursing, the educator is able to guide the student through their education process. As an educator the nurse becomes an extension of one’s own personal philosophy. Nursing theory serves as the foundation on which to develop a personal philosophy and characterizesRead MoreNursing Philosophy and Code of Ethics Essay872 Words   |  4 PagesThere are philosophical forces that make up and direct each nurse’s practice. Burkhardt and Nathaniel (2008) note philosophy as â€Å"the intense and critical examination of beliefs and assumptions (pp. 27). One incorporates knowledge and beliefs to make up their philosophical forces. Possessing outstanding philosophical forces allows one to be respectful, well rounded and possess good character. Some examples of ways one has been respectful towards another personâ€℠¢s beliefs are discussed in the next paragraphRead MoreNursing Philosophy Essay1278 Words   |  6 PagesNursing is a science in which all the needs of a person are met through the proper use of the nursing process. With health care as a universal human right, it encompasses a process that involves a collaborative care of people of all ages and communities in all settings. Nursing is essential in promoting health, prevention of illness, care of the sick and disabled people in the society. Nursing advocates for the promotion of a safe environment, research, shaping health policies, education and patientRead MorePhilosophy And Philosophy Of Teaching999 Words   |  4 Pages Philosophy of Teaching Essay Assignment Mohsin Rasho Valparaiso University NUR 641 â€Å"I have neither given nor received, nor have I tolerated others use of unauthorized aid.† Mohsin Hussein Rasho Philosophy of Teaching Essay Assignment There are many students thinking about their future because they desire to be the great teacher or professor in the future. It is necessaryRead MoreA Reflection On Teaching Philosophy961 Words   |  4 PagesA teaching philosophy statement is a document that educators prepare to express their personal ideas regarding the teaching role. Often used as part of the application packet for an academic position and in teaching portfolios for tenure and promotion reviews, teaching philosophy statements allow educators to reflect on their teaching practices and validate their success in teaching. Teaching philosophies can guide academic nurse educators by ensuring that they are using varied pedagogies that stimulate

Management problems Free Essays

string(100) " which were to be met by the organization and this brought about a need to have qualified managers\." Management problem is one of the major issues that affected many industries in earlier days and even today. Problem usually comes up with time which at time can be severe. It appears in varying degrees of severity. We will write a custom essay sample on Management problems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Problem should be identified so that they can consequently be solved and this can make a difference in the world. Management problems can bring about down fall of an industry since management is the basis of good industrial growth. Thus why there are quite a number of management problems which were diverse in time prior to industrial revolution as compared to modern time. In today’s industrial management, management problems are not quite many due to upcoming technology which helps the managers to deal with these problems accordingly in regard to management. Industrial revolution changed people’s earlier ways of making various products such as weaving, making of hand tools and other industrial products to use of machines with the help of manpower to make same products by use of different method of manufacturing. The changes which brought about industrial revolution are things like invention of machines which replaced the work of hand tool, steam was invented which was used in various industries to replace the use of muscles in human beings and animals and also adopting the factory’s system of operation. Therefore, due to these drastic changes, management was quite an important aspect in running these industries. In the time of cottage industries, they did not have any manager since the industries were small scale based industry which did not require any management strategies. Incase of those industries which were operated in small shop, they had managers but they were faced by a number of managerial problems. The early industries faced a lot of problems especially in management which was coupled with improper planning since the industries were quite small and those who operated them did not have diverse knowledge on various management strategies used in today’s industries. There was no complexity of operation and thus why managers who in most cases were the owners of those businesses felt that they had little to do in regards to management issue in those industries. In older days before industrial revolution most of production of industrial products took place at homes which made those who operated those productions to have no management strategies since their aim was just to produce the products that they needed and sell them locally which actually did not require any management strategies (Kelvin, N., Encyclopedia of Management 2006). Producers in time before industrial revolution used small hand tools in making simple products and therefore most of their operations were quite simple and did not require anyone to be the controller of those activities since only simple products were manufactured using these tools. Therefore, when the industries started revolutionizing various problems were faced since managers did not have enough potential to manage since they did not have these strategies. The industries started growing slowly which replaced the simple tools with complex machineries and this resulted to production of more products and since they could be sold in various markets which brought about a need to have managers so that all the operation of the industries could be managed from production to marketing of product. There were quite a lot of problems faced since there were no ready trained or experienced managers to handle the position. In early industries, the managers were faced with statistical problems since they did not have any records kept for their small industries and they did not have advanced managerial procedures which could result to keeping accurate statistics in regard to the products that they were producing. Lack of proper statistics in regard to their small industry progress did not help in establishing the progress of these industries and thus why most of them could cease to function at any time. They also did not keep the receipt of the things they sold since they sold most of their things locally and they did not value the aspect of keeping records. Due to lack of proper or no management in these small industries they did not keep records of their supplies and therefore they could not realize whether their industries were running at a profit or loss. (De, P.K, Project Termination Process in Indian Industries 2001; 19(2); p 125). Since most of the industries were home oriented there was no complexity of operation and therefore most of the owners could run the daily tasks of those industries independently or with the help of family members. These members did not have any managerial skills in them and therefore they just worked without any guideline of operation. When the industries started to grow, there was great need of proper management since the complexity of the industry increased and therefore operations needed to be managed. Employees in those small industries like in shop where some of the management strategies were initiated motivation since most of the work was done using simple tools and therefore less work could be realized which resulted to poor pay (Canback Staffan, Management Consulting Logics, 1998; 9(1); p.32).Therefore employee lacked motivation since the total output of their work was low. Due to this, managers could not be able to organize the workers since they were not motivated to work and this eventually lead to low production of the products in those industries. Early managers essentially lacked management theories which cold govern them on how to handle these small industries in order to uplift their standards of operation. The managers also had low experience which made them not to be aware of some of the managerial skills which can be established in these industries. Due to lack of these aspects managers valued workers as just an object of making profit for their industries. But due to the fact that these workers can not be programmed, they eventually developed various needs and desires which were to be met by the organization and this brought about a need to have qualified managers. You read "Management problems" in category "Essay examples" Increased competition in those industries posed great problems to the managers since they did not have potential to handle big enterprises and now with the emergence of these big industries, managers had to look for various ways to develop theories which could help in carrying on with the management issues of the industries. Competition challenge by manager was brought about by the in ability of the managers to reward the employee accordingly for the work that they have done which is basically by paying high wages to workers. If managers had strategies of rewarding employees and appreciating their work, the general output of their products could be increased. Therefore, workers should be given the wages that they deserve for the work that they do since the output. Managers also lacked exposure since the cottage industries were quite small and therefore even those who managed those industries did not acquire much on management strategies. Exposure to these aspects gained by the quite essential since experience is essential aspect of management strategies. There are a number of similarities of those problems which were faced during the time of cottage industries and after industrial development by the managers (McGee, Encyclopedia of Management Strategic: Management 2006). These problems consequently affected the industries since they have emerged to be big and therefore, lack of proper management can lead to a down fall of an industry. Management aspects after industrial revolution should be enhanced and managers should ensure that they are well acquitted with all the management skills needed for the industry. In today’s industries, management issues have faced a number of problems due to industrial revolution since the industries are growing drastically which requires a lot of management strategies. The problem of managing new and large industries is still experienced today since new technologies are coming up day by day that make changes in machineries that are used (Nisar, Problem and Management of Small Scale and Cottage Industry 1987). These changes should ensure that the manager have vast knowledge of the changing technologies so that they can be able to manage the operations of those machineries properly. Enterprises also aim at diversifying and enlarging and this can result to a big problem especially to those individuals who are used to managing small enterprise. These enlargements are as a result of competition and therefore mangers should learn various aspects of maintaining their workers since in a case of steep competition the workers can shift to other industries which have proper management and the strategies are favoring the employees. In the case of problem solving, this is a management problem being faced in industries even today due to lack of proper managerial skills. Problems within an industry can result to poor production and they usually arise as a result of misunderstanding between the managers and employees mainly on division of duties and workload of the employees in relation to the relative pay that an employee receives. Managers encounter these problems since they usually want to realize a lot of output than the input. Due to lack of important aspects of management such as paying their employee in regard to the work that they carry out that is to exercise the act of fairness in an industry which is an essential aspect of the management skill required by in an institution or industry. During the times of cottage industries, competition created serious problems to the industry sector managers since they had a big problem of rewarding employees according to the work they does. After industrial revolution many industries came up and therefore the managers have extra task to deal with the steep competition in various industrial sectors (Ford, Managing and Marketing Technology 2001). Some managers due to monopoly of industries do not have aspects of dealing with competitive marketing ability of the industries. Therefore due to lack of these aspects, the relative output of industry is not experienced. Some managers even in today’s industrial set up have low experience and management theories since most of the industry owners want to employ those individuals with low experience in fear that if they employ those experienced individuals the salary would be high and therefore they end up employing people with low experience or managing their industries themselves without being aware of the relevant theories which are needed in management of industries. Owners of industries should ensure that they employ individual who are experienced in industrial set up and also have management theories so that they can run the industry as per expectations of the owner. Ignorance in management is one of the aspect managers of various faces during their mission of carrying out management strategies in various industries. Assuming some small aspects of management can result to total loss in an industry and this is usually as a result of ignorance by managers. For example, managers should not feel that they are quite superior to the employee and fail to accomplish some of the issue that they put forward. This should be encouraged since employees are the only people who are aware of various problems that industries face since they are the main operator. Therefore, to alleviate these management problems of day to day running of industry the new technology which has been introduced in various industrialized countries should ensure that they use this technology to manage their industries accordingly (Gordon, Industrial Development 1998; 28(3), p.157).Technologies used to manage industries include things like internet, computer and other electronic devices which can be used to manage industries by keeping appropriate data of the country. Through learning of relevant managerial skills, modern managers ensure that employees are the core of decision making since they understand how the industry is running better. This is enabled by motivating them by giving them their dues appropriately what they deserve. Therefore, through technology it’s believed that these problems will finally end. Reference: De P. K., (2001), Project Termination Process in Indian Industries, International Journal of Project Management, 19(2), pg 119-126. Kelvin N., (2006), Encyclopedia of Management, Michigan: Thomson gale. Canback, Starfan, (1998), Management Consulting Logics, Journal of Consulting Management, 9(1), pg 19-38. McGee J., (2006), Encyclopedia of Management Strategic: Management, United State: Blackwell. Nisar A., (1987), Problem and Management of Small Scale and Cottage Industry, Hawthorne: Deep and Deep Publishers. Ford D., (2001), Managing and Marketing Technology, New York: Thomason Learning EMEA. Gordon A., (1998), Industrial Development, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 28(3), pg 134-176. How to cite Management problems, Essay examples

Marketing Management Of Tourism

Question: Write an essay on Marketing Management Of Tourism? Answer: Executive Summary The concept and process of marketing for CanTour is discussed. The elements of marketing in tourism industry are elaborated. The benefits and cost analysis is made on various factors that affect tourism industry. Segmentation, targeting and positioning is analyzed to reflect on the marketing mix.. The proposals developed for promotion to appeal the public are framed. Promotional strategy for different market is designed. Different tourist approach to attract customers to Greenwich tours is demonstrated. Introduction CanTour is a tourism agency set up on the coast of river Thames that is in South East London Greenwich. This location serves as an excellent place for accessibility because it serves various advantages like exposure to goods and services for a particular area for short amount of time. Tourist guides help in making the tour as a memorable experience for the tourists. They also leverage offering discount coupons for food places and restaurants. CanTour with regard to Greenwich Tourism meets standards set up by tourism board so that the tourist visit and refer more people to visit their place and choose them to provide tourist service. Brand overview is done to relate to target markets. Strategic goals must be framed that achieve objectives and performance indicators to measure success. Assessment of social media and website optimization is done for a plan arrangement for promotions in educational fairs, events and destination trips (Blythe, 2011). Elements Of Marketing Product- This element identifies the type of customer, level of service and standards provided by CanTour. Unique selling point is identified which helps in standing a way out from other competitors. It may also be noted that the product life cycles are turning shorter so that the offerings of CanTour increases likely in the next two or three years. For viability and continuance of business, resources are allocated to improve product and also adds in development. Market research is to be conducted to monitor and identify opportunities and problems to meet the demands of market (Butowski, 2011). Price- The pricing of CanTour could be a little confusing to new industry players. The pricing is set up as costs attributable to the tourism plus profit margin. Also there is commission involved with retail agents who expect a commission between 10% and 20% while commission for wholesalers being between 20% and 30%. Inbound Tour Operators or ITOs charge approximately 25% to 35%. The retail price includes the net rate plus the commission chargeable plus Goods and Service Tax (Carroll, Carroll and Carroll, 2011). Place- This element refers to channels at a national or international level that includes Retail agents, Wholesaler agents and Inbound Tour Operators. The target market is Greenwich or South-east London on the coast of Thames River which is accessible by boats, buses, over ground trains and DLR. The people visit River Thames because it is a centre attraction of London and its accessibility. The growth of online market has increased rapidly the number of tourists. This cuts down intermediaries and book with the providers directly. Online booking for tours also helps is making it convenient for the people who visit the place. Booking in advance saves a lot of time and inconvenience (Conrady and Buck, 2012). Promotion- There are two promotional strategies followed for CanTour marketing- Above the line includes Promotion in the media channels like television, newspapers, websites, radio and mobile phones where the advertisers have to pay an advertisement on the basis of a predetermined format. Below the line promotions includes sales promotions, endorsements, direct mail or e-newsletters, personal selling, merchandising , trade shows and web listings (Crotts and Wolfe, 2011). In tourism business, there is another P as an element of marketing- Packaging- This element involves combination of several packages. It involves an attractive package that combines lodging or accommodation, transport and maybe food presenting them as a single price. It involves one major component, i.e. tourism and adds other offers creatively that the people think is hassle-free. They dont have to run or search for places or other facilities when they get it all summed up as a single package (Das Gupta, 2011). Evaluation Of Benefits And Costs Tourism is a service provided to people. It also provides employment to localities and generates income to revitalize economic conditions. Follow-up activities with special training to the tourist guide are also followed. Various tourist operations and management are conducted by CanTour. Marketing is successful when it is human-oriented and creatively communicates as well as impart information to the tourists. Effective tools to run a tourism industry depend on the training provided to the tourist guides. Training program to achieve marketing goals by improving knowledge through digital marketing or destination marketing is creatively assessed (French, Reynolds and Merritt, 2011). Evaluation of marketing orientation is done on the basis of two criteria namely, Product Criteria and Psychological Criteria. Product Criteria involves the following factors- Price or Cost- The pricing is done in such a way that takes an account of necessary expenditures that covers various factors like accommodation, food, entertainment taxes, and ticket prices for visiting historical places. Quality- The quality of services provided by CanTour will be well managed and of top-notch standards. The guides are well trained for their behavior and are knowledgeable so that they can impart to the tourists. Aesthetic Qualities- The aesthetic qualities of CanTour should be enhanced by taking the tourists to witness the aesthetic beauty in Greenwich. A walking tourism helps in exploring places in depth. Psychological Criteria involves the following factors- Social Needs and Satisfaction- It is a vital aspect of tourism. Walking tourism enables in exploring more tourist places and food places. They can roam around and rest as per their needs. Satisfaction of ego needs- Ego needs to be satisfied. The tourists should feel contented with the tourism. The walking tourism is planned in such a way that covers major historical places like The Cutty Sark, Maritime Museum, Greenwich Park and Queens House (Greenwichhistory.org, 2015). Image of the product on the lifestyle- The tourism is designed in such a way that all age groups can enjoy. The senior citizens and children would love visiting the park. While the younger generation would love visiting the museum, Queens House and Cutty Sark (Gupta, 2012). Analysis Of The External Environment The external environment is the forces outside the scope of a company which are effective in influencing and changing the companys structure and the way it does business. These forces are the condition in and around which a company is built. These forces are beyond the control of the company and the company must adapt itself to the external environmental forces to run a smooth business. Hence a PESTLE analysis is done to better understand the macro environmental forces and how it might affect CanTour. The Political forces are how the government and its norms affect the Tourism Industry. The Britain tourism industry has seen a great boost post world war two. Events like the demolition of Berlin wall had a profound impact on the tourism industry. The Single European Market has made it easy for the Europeans to visit countries. The government is watching over taking care of historic places by labeling them as heritage sights and thus giving a boost to the tourism market as more people are interested to see this (Hassan and Iankova, 2012). The Economic forces are the deciding factor of the financial growth of the business. The increase in cost of travel and the recession and sudden unemployment has lead to a decrease of incoming tourists. But there is a sudden rise of domestic tourist as people are more likely to travel inside UK than go abroad. Also people tend to book holidays by themselves and so tourism agencies are finding themselves in a loss. The Social forces that influence the business are that people have become increasingly independent when traveling. They like to prioritize their destinations and spend extra time in a particular places and thus chooses to go solo. Another factor is the epidemics and pandemics has lead to people cancelling trips and less people visiting if there is a fear of contamination (Hastings, Angus and Bryant, 2011). The Technological forces here have been positive in taking businesses further. Flexibility in booking through online portals and call centers has lead to an easy planning of tours. New offerings through these portals have lead to a wider consumer interest. Development of commutation services like airports and tour trains and buses has been increasing the number of tourists visiting (Hkhk.edu.ee, 2015). The Legal forces are the laws and regulations leading to tourism industry fluctuating between new rules and regulations. But the free trade and travel has lead to lots of inflow of tourists from various countries. The Environmental forces are today the major issues every industry is facing. The natural disasters like floods, volcanic eruptions, tsunami and earthquakes has deceased tourism somewhat. Other factors are the change in climatic conditions leading disrupting of the natural order and the beauty of places has been a factor in deciding the tourist influx. After the macro environmental factors it is the micro environmental factor which influences the business from all the corners. Porters five forces are discussed to better understand the characteristic of this forces and how they influence the tourism industry and hence CanTour (Hoffman and Bateson, 2011). The Threat of new entrants is one of the main issues which every tourism agency has to face. The profitable scenario of the UK tourism industry is attracting new agencies. But this will on the other hand will lead to a decrease in the profitability of all the firms in the industry. Threat from new or substitute services will be people focusing on other parts of UK and neglecting Greenwich as a tourist hotspot. People may also due to other reasons avoid the country or traveling as a recreational hobby all together. Also people might npt like the concept of a walking tour (Hstg.org, 2015). Bargaining power of suppliers or rather the retail agents will decide the cost factor of the tourism agency. Thus this people must be managed and smartly dealt with to keep the cost minimum (Hudson, 2012). Bargaining power of customers is the ability of the people to put the firm under pressure, to change its rates or other commodities. Brand switchers, buyer concentration and information are the factors that must be checked. Finally the Threat from rivals of the firm adds a competitive edge to the business so that there is constant innovation and competition in advertising and expenditure while balancing the pricing. The above study has lead to the conclusion that the proposed firm must take note of the macro environmental factors when they are thinking about the accommodation and lodging of the tourist. In case of the micro environmental forces, studying what the big players are doing and strategizing their own business in the same way would help in clearing all the obstacles present (Kozak et al., 2013). Market Segementation The market is segmented into various groups who will form the groups towards whom the entire marketing strategies will be targeted at. The Macro segmentation is the Organizational, Industrial and geographical segmentation. Organizational segmentation is when one organization avails the service of another organization. In this case one company or organization can contact tourism agency for planning an official trip (Lacy, 2011). Industrial segmentation decides that what kind of organization within the industry the customers will will want. In this case the consumers will prefer a guided walking tour than a short, sightseeing one. The geographical segmentation is the area that the organization will cater to. In this case the customers will be from Britain and mostly of other European countries. The Micro segmentation is what the customers demographic, psychographic and buying behavior will make them buy. The Demographic Segmentation suggests the groups below: The Old and retired people either single or couple with a reasonable amount at deposit would be a primary market when targeting. Independent travelers, young professionals are the second market who likes to travel around historical places and discover something new. Inquisitive tourists and researchers would be another major portion who will avail of the firms services. The much in love couples and honeymoon couples will form the quantitative part of the market where there will be most concentration Finally the families and college youths will form the small fraction who will take up walking tours as an option sometimes. They will occasionally want something different and confined and would avail the extra services offered (Managementparadise.com, 2015). Psychographic segmentation suggests the peculiar behavior or the thinking that is done by the customer while buying a product. For Tourism industry the customers will avail of the service that provides the best of the essentials within a proper price range. The trips should be detailed and helped by an educated guide. There should be enough time spent on visiting each spot and the accommodation should be proper (Mathur, 2012). Based on the European clients, the customer of walking tours would be either very conservative or particular about their trip and accommodation or would be casual yet savvy about it. The Behavioral segmentation is done on the preference or on buying choice and behavior. The customers of the tourism industry are mostly brand loyal to the agencies to which they always refer to while planning a tour. Others are brand switchers and choose the option which is best suitable to the trip they are planning on going. The third segment is the new customers who will avail of the agencies services for the first time while planning for a trip (Michman, 2012). Target Market Strategy The target market is ultimately the target people to whom all the marketing communications will be directed to. The target market hence chosen is: People from Britain and the other European nations, also a few tourists from other continents will are the prime target. The Age group will between 25 years and above. It is because the demographic segment of retired people, researchers, and young singles would form the dominant segment of the market. Thus the targeting strategy will be directing the marketing message to this people and promoting the simple and hassle free service provided by CanTour, which is convenient and as well much knowledgeable about the areas they are catering to (MihaliÄ , 2011). Positioning The positioning of the product is done as a new firm in the scenario of Walking tours, which although is much below in the price graph is trying to reach the quality segment. The consumers will thus perceive it as a good quality service within the minimum price range (Miller and Washington, 2011). Marketing Mix Buyer Situation The marketing mix elements are affected by the target market and for each different segment different kind of marketing mix strategy has to be applied. This could be better understood by the given two examples. A retired couple with a little money wants to spend it on Touring Greenwich for the first time- the product or the service would be convenient yet should be of a minimum price with the basic of accommodations provided. They would travel by trains, boats and buses and would spend quality time touring each place. Their guide should be knowledgeable local. The promotional element would focus on the easy payment and moderate price strategy at the same time denoting the places that will be the focus of the tour. The media used should be radio and magazine advertisements and press releases or events on Greenwich tourism will be attracted through this. As it is a demographic buying situation the marketing mix elements will be used in an individualistic way focusing on ease and convenience (Mkt.unwto.org, 2015). Coach company organizing tours of London for American and Japanese tourist- the service would be elaborate, and detailed, led by expert guides who possess utmost information about each sight. The major historical places like Maritime Museum, Greenwich park and Queens house are to be focused on. The pricing would have a competitive edge so that the best of accommodations and food service could be provided. The idea will be to infuse the rich taste of London. Promotional activities will be huge focusing on advertisements on national and international channels, radio and major travel magazines. With effective personal promotions and web advertising. Online payment options should also be available so that the client can customize their trip options. In case of organizational buying, it has to be an extravaganza for turning the activity into a goodwill program (Nyc.gr, 2015). Repositioning The company now wants to reposition it in the market so that the educational group is largely attracted by the Campaigns. The marketing mix is thus changed according to the necessities of the segment. The repositioning would require placing the company in the light of the customers who would perceive it as educational, beneficial, resourceful as well as very convenient and comfortable. The people are researchers, historical enthusiasts and students from national and international cities. Hence the Product- should be focusing on providing the best of services which will be qualitative and quantitative. The guides should be highly knowledgeable locals, who will give a brief review of each sight. The Price should be at a competitive range, offering quality accommodation and food service. The entertainment factors and special charge of visiting historical places should also be counted. Organizational tours will require commissions. Also commissions from the retailers and wholesalers are also to be counted. The Place where the tours will focus on is the historical places like Maritime Museum and Queens House which will provide much information and insight to the enthusiasts. The Promotional campaigns would be firstly public relation campaign implying the benefit of the tours in making a study of the historical importance. Advertisements in magazine, radio and tv will be much needed, along with online promotions and payment systems (Perreault, Cannon and McCarthy, 2011). Finally a good Packaging must be provided so that it covers the areas of interests and the customers can choose and customize their tour package. Competitive Advantage Sustainable tourism refers to the participation in maintain a balance between environmental factors, socio-cultural activities and political leadership. There are a number of factors responsible for maintaining sustainability in customer satisfaction that acts as a competitive advantage over other tourism industries (Ritchie, Carr and Cooper, 2013). They are- Quality of service- The service quality that includes friendliness, language skills, professionalism and complimentary services helps in keeping the company at the edge. While choosing guides for tourism certain things should be kept in consideration. Environmental factors- CanTour focuses on sustaining the environment by not hampering the surroundings and taking care of the environmental standards. Nature and biodiversity should be preserved (Rmg.co.uk, 2015). Infrastructure- The infrastructural facilities like location, convenience and package plans form the base of any tourism industry. It is located on the coast of River Thames providing an excellent and central location. Safety measures- Customers should be ensured of safety. The tourist guide should have a background check before he is appointed as a guide. He should take care that the customers face no criminal activities. Proper checking should be done even in the customer baggage to assure there is no scope for terrorism (Royalgreenwich.gov.uk, 2015). Place In Marketing Mix Tourism marketing follows different distribution strategies. It is used a product of distribution where internet is used in a wide concept. The most famous tourism companies like Cox Kings, Thomas Cook, SOTC act as wholesalers and retailers both. The tourist destinations are chosen for Cutty Sark, Greenwich Park, Maritime Museum and Queens House. The main attraction of any tourism industry is its infrastructure. The uniqueness lies in the position of intermediaries for a tourism industry. There are two basic functions performed by tourism industry. They are facilitating the purchase of service in advance and to increase the number of points of sales away from the service location. The overall objectives of the tourism industry are reflected by different strategies of distribution. The retail agents buy tourism products in small quantities while the wholesalers buy the same in huge quantities. Internet is the latest mode to reach the customers and SOTC is the website where informatio n on tours can be generated. In addition, payment through credit card is possible where services in advance can be selected (Tadajewski, 2011). Effect Of Price On Organizational Objectives And Market Conditions CanTour frames projects and plans in such a way that develops various fields. It has affected Tourism industry as well as other categories like construction, exports, agriculture and transportation. These sectors have experienced growth in the society and positive benefits have been derived. The methodologies and insights are used to measure development outcomes across tourism sectors. CanTour has taken economic measures like employment, conversation and development to analyze work from different perspectives. This has likely increased revenue and impacts for livelihood. Economic Impact- Results are measured by impact of visitor on different sites on the basis on income generated, employment rate and demand of services. Social impact- They are measured through analysis and surveys conducted as secondary data. Number of employment generated, resident behavior and attitude to tourism and household income changes also measures them. Baseline Impact- CanTour analyzes visitors in terms of their average stay and average expenditure. Technical tools and assistance for training is provided to the baseline for evaluation. Environmental impact- This involves monitoring of wildlife, land and human resources. Tools and technical assistance is needed to measure indirect as well as direct impacts on environment. Market Analysis- Market demand and intelligence helps in preparing reports about visitor statistics, seasonal variations and forecasts, trends for tourism that help stakeholders of the industry to take operational and strategic decisions (Tourism Marketing Concepts, 2015). Promotional Activities The tourism board makes promotional activities in three forms- Workshops- Workshops proves to be an efficient marketing tool between tour operators and tourism industry. They work through personalized sales channel that link with a large number of businesses at a very low cost in a very less span of time. There are three kinds of workshops namely- Internal Workshop, Direct workshop and Reverse workshop. Trade visits and Fairs- The tourist board also makes promotions in fairs conducted in the city. They distribute pamphlets or may do it by sponsorship. They help in involving with a huge number of people and even private and public companies. Other activities- Other activities like conducting presentations and trips are made for promotion. Trips reflect the places or sites that are attractions of the city. In presentation, the specialties are shown in a slide format to companies who would like to sponsor through the tourism industry. Press reports and tourist awareness programs are conducted to enhance promotion. Online Promotion- Social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Flickr, Instagram and various other sites are used for promotion of tourism industry. People who can act as a promotional activity by generating brand awareness regularly access these social networking sites (Tsiotsou and Goldsmith, 2012). Additional Elements Of Marketing Mix People- They play an important role in tourism. The behavior of local people towards tourist is very important. The tourism industry comprises of guides, the travel agents, sales staff, and staff of travel companies. The personnel who meet the needs of people on tours form an essential ingredient for tourism marketing. For dealing with the customers behind the counter is taken care by sales personnel. The tourist guides and staff interact with the tourists. They should undergo the special training that enhances their interpersonal skills (User, 2015). Process The process that follows tourism marketing is giving information on travelling. A series of operations that are needed for planning a tour should be itinerated. The planning and costing of tour is done that suits the requirements of an individual. The foreign currency guidelines should be given to people so that they are not duped. Physical evidence Physical evidences include brochures, visual images, layout and design of travelling, route maps, rules and regulations for tourist spot. These should be provided to tourists since tourism is a service and intangible in nature. Images for places and guidebooks should be provided which mention history behind places (visitlondon.com, 2015). Outline Marketing Mix i) Local people with children looking for an interesting half time activity- the service should be short stops at famous leisurely places, with a few culinary experiences. Price should be normal and below the competitive rate. The promotional activities will involve pamphlet distribution and radio ads. Local people with minimum knowledge could be used as a guide. The process will be planning and costing accounts and the physical proof consists of brochures and pamphlets along with tickets and tour guides (Weinstein and Weinstein, 2014). ii) Couples on holiday in UK looking for a romantic evening- the service would focus on beautiful places like Greenwich Park and Thames river. The focus will be on boat rides and dinner options in the place. The pricing would be costly so as to position it higher and provide an exotic experience. The promotional strategies will focus on advertisements on TV and magazines. When ads and online payment options are also a must in this case. The people involved must be trained and should possess good interpersonal skills. The physical proof will be brochures and tokens given as gifts on availing the service. Marketing To Travel Agents Individuals When marketing the service to a travel agent and when to an individual, different tactics have to be applied in each case by the Tourism Agency. In case of Travel agents the business is the first priority. There should be options of commissions when dealing with the travel agents. There will be bargaining pressure and a threat from rivals, hence the marketing tactics will involve offering cost benefit structure and easy pre-booking facilities to tap into the travel agent segment In case of Individuals more focus should be given on the service quality. Promotional strategies will be based on attracting customers. Online payment plans, detailed information provided on the tour and the attributes are also to be provided. They will be very particular about the accommodation, entertainment and food plans. Discounts should be provided to attract individuals in availing the offer. Thus these are two very different cases, for a travel agent its a professional attitude should be appointed on the other hand marketing to individuals require patience, quality service and out and out promotion (Weston and Mota, 2012). Promotion To Overseas Domestic Market While attracting overseas and domestic customers different approaches have to be taken. There is lot of foreign money earned through overseas clients and the government pressurizes to focus on this segment. On the other hand domestic market is essential to be kept entertained to generate goodwill and increase the domestic revenue. For Overseas Market-There is need for advertisements in TV and international magazines to reach the overseas customers. Focus should be on the world heritage sights and popular places. There should be a quality price range offered to the customers. There should be also advertisements in social media and web advertisement with much detail on the programs of accommodation food and entertainment factors associated with it. For Domestic Market- the focus should be on the aesthetic beauty of the places in Greenwich. The Londoners should feel proud about their sightseeing spots. All the promotional activities bring out the little details about Greenwich which are unknown even to the local market. Radio and magazines should carry ads and coupons on availing the service. The price should be put in a comparable price and advertisement through direct mailers, billboards is needed to attract the domestic client. When approaching the Canadian and Chinese clients focus should be on the attributes of Greenwich and why it is one of the unique and worth watching place in London. The presentation would include: A pictorial of the places of importance with detailing on each sight A list of places worth visiting beside this major sights and their historical link A list of the accommodation facilities, entertainment options and culinary experience which one might get must be jotted down. The price should be kept around the rates of Big players like Cox King The rich English feeling should be focused on so that the foreigners get a taste of Old London Easy online payment options should be available, customers should be able to choose the places they want to visit and the places they want to skip. Finally the views of the clients should be taken to organize the tour likewise. Conclusion Tourism combines various marketing strategies with volunteer opportunities that appeal a large number of tourists. Be in national level or an international level, tourism helps in installing water system in those localities where there is insufficient infrastructure. This is done to attract tourists by providing maximum facilities. A balance on tourist activities and its surroundings is to be maintained especially the environment. Products used should be environmental friendly and also a limitation is put on visitors to outdoor area. Marketing for tourism might be expensive in nature especially if it is done on an international level. Various funding sources for tourism agencies are taxes. If there are a large number of tourists attracted to a specific place or country or several neighboring countries, it is sensible to make marketing approaches there to make a larger reach among people. Partnerships are provided in this case. A position analysis is done to keep in check with the com petitors. Target market is selected based on profiles of travelers (Www2.gre.ac.uk, 2015) References Blythe, J. (2011).Marketing. London: SAGE Publications. Butowski, B. (2011). Tourism - an academic discipline (discursive article).Tourism, 21(1), pp.17-24. Carroll, S., Carroll, D. and Carroll, S. (2011).Marketing 101. Lanham: Rowman Littlefield Education. Conrady, R. and Buck, M. (2012).Trends and issues in global tourism 2012. Berlin: Springer. Crotts, J. and Wolfe, M. (2011).Marketing Mix Modeling for the Tourism Industry: A Best Practices Approach. [online] ResearchGate. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236971347_Marketing_Mix_Modeling_for_the_Tourism_Industry_A_Best_Practices_Approach [Accessed 13 Jun. 2015]. Das Gupta, D. (2011).Tourism marketing. New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley. French, J., Reynolds, L. and Merritt, R. (2011).Social marketing casebook. Los Angeles: SAGE. Greenwichhistory.org, (2015).The Greenwich Historical Society. [online] Available at: https://greenwichhistory.org/historic_designations.php [Accessed 13 Jun. 2015]. Gupta, G. (2012).Tourism marketing management. New Delhi: Pearl Books. Hassan, A. and Iankova, K. (2012). Strategies and Challenges of Tourist Facilities Management in the World Heritage Site: Case of the Maritime Greenwich, London.Tourism Analysis, 17(6), pp.775-789. Hastings, G., Angus, K. and Bryant, C. (2011).The Sage handbook of social marketing. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage. Hkhk.edu.ee, (2015).Marketing. [online] Available at: https://www.hkhk.edu.ee/tourism/marketing.html [Accessed 13 Jun. 2015]. Hoffman, K. and Bateson, J. (2011).Services marketing. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Hstg.org, (2015).Greenwich Landmarks | Greenwich Historical Society. [online] Available at: https://www.hstg.org/pres_greenwichlandmarks.php [Accessed 13 Jun. 2015]. Hudson, S. (2012).Tourism and hospitality marketing. Los Angeles: SAGE. Kozak, M., Andreu, L., Gnoth, J., Lebe, S. and Fyall, A. (2013).Tourism marketing. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Lacy, K. (2011).Twitter marketing for dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Pub. Managementparadise.com, (2015).Marketing Mix for Tourism. [online] Available at: https://www.managementparadise.com/forums/service-sector-management/200450-marketing-mix-tourism.html [Accessed 13 Jun. 2015]. Mathur, A. (2012).Tourism marketing management. New Delhi: Anmol Publications. Michman, R. (2012).Lifestyle market segmentation. New York: Praeger. MihaliÄ , T. (2011). The Economics of Tourism.Tourism Management, 32(5), pp.1238-1240. Miller, R. and Washington, K. (2011).Consumer behavior 2011. Loganville, GA: Richard K. Miller Associates. Mkt.unwto.org, (2015).About Tourism Trends and Marketing Strategies | Tourism Market Trends UNWTO. [online] Available at: https://mkt.unwto.org/content/about-tourism-trends-and-marketing-strategies [Accessed 13 Jun. 2015]. Nyc.gr, (2015).BA (Hons) in Business Studies with Tourism (University of Greenwich) | New York College. [online] Available at: https://www.nyc.gr/ba-in-business-tourism-uog [Accessed 13 Jun. 2015]. Perreault, W., Cannon, J. and McCarthy, E. (2011).Basic marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Ritchie, B., Carr, N. and Cooper, C. (2013).Managing educational tourism. Clevedon [England]: Channel View Publications. Rmg.co.uk, (2015).: RMG. [online] Available at: https://www.rmg.co.uk/leisure-travel-tourism/units/marketing/strategy [Accessed 13 Jun. 2015]. Royalgreenwich.gov.uk, (2015).Marketing Royal Greenwich's attractions - Greenwich Attractions Group - Greenwich. [online] Available at: https://www.royalgreenwich.gov.uk/info/10010/partnerships/1081/greenwich_attractions_group [Accessed 13 Jun. 2015]. Tadajewski, M. (2011).Key concepts in critical management studies. London: SAGE Publications, Inc. Tourism Marketing Concepts, (2015).Tourism Marketing Concepts. [online] Available at: https://www.tourismmarketingconcepts.com [Accessed 13 Jun. 2015]. Tsiotsou, R. and Goldsmith, R. (2012).Strategic marketing in tourism services. Bingley: Emerald. User, S. (2015).Tourism Marketing. [online] Solimarinternational.com. Available at: https://solimarinternational.com/what-we-do/tourism-marketing [Accessed 13 Jun. 2015]. visitlondon.com, (2015).Greenwich. [online] Available at: https://www.visitlondon.com/discover-london/london-areas/south/greenwich-london [Accessed 13 Jun. 2015]. Weinstein, A. and Weinstein, A. (2014).Handbook of market segmentation. New York: Haworth Press. Weston, R. and Mota, J. (2012). Low Carbon Tourism Travel: Cycling, Walking and Trails.Tourism Planning Development, 9(1), pp.1-3. Www2.gre.ac.uk, (2015).Department of Marketing, Events Tourism | Business | University of Greenwich. [online] Available at: https://www2.gre.ac.uk/about/faculty/business/study/met [Accessed 13 Jun. 2015].

Loyalty Card Proposal free essay sample

Due to the increase in competition in the Retail Industry, we must impose a new marketing strategy to retain our current customers. Our main strategy is to create a reward program for customers through XM Plus Card Rewards Program. Achieving the above will allow us to retain our current customers by motivating them to frequently buy from Xpress Mart. I. Introduction Modern marketing revolves around the Customer. It is an old and by-now universally accepted concept that the Customer is the King. In recent years, the competition for customers has led many companies in the retail industry to implement a customer rewards program and provide significant incentives that deliver value well beyond reward points. Xpress Mart can continue moving towards its vision to become the most dominant player in the retail industry by implementing a customer rewards program through offering loyalty cards to customers of Xpress Mart. Therefore the traditional approach of making one-time sales is being replaced with making long term commitment to the customer and it can be possible through the XM Plus Card. We will write a custom essay sample on Loyalty Card Proposal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . 1 Purpose The purpose of this proposal is to capture an increasing share of new customers while retaining current customers through the customer reward program, the XM Plus Card. 1. 2 Benefits Increasing sales by motivating customers to frequently purchase from Xpress Mart and lowering advertising costs since the XM Plus Card will also be used as the company’s advertising material to attract new customers. 2. 0 Proposal Loyal customers not only provide a solid base for the company; they represent growth potential too. A processing fee of P100 will be charged. Points earned by cardholders who do not renew within one month from the expiry date will be forfeited. Any XM Plus Card that is dormant for a period of three consecutive years will be cancelled and all accumulated points in the card will be forfeited. 2. 1. 3 Card Replacements To replace a defective card, surrender the card at any XM Customer Service Counter and complete the application form. Defective cards will be replaced for free. To replace a lost card, present a valid ID at any XM Customer Service Counter and complete the application form. A processing fee of P100. 0 will be charged. Replacement of cards damaged due to the cardholders mishandling will also be charged a P100. 00 replacement fee. Accumulated Points in lost cards will be transferred to the new card. 2. 1. 4 Earning and Redeeming of Points XM Plus Card holders are entitled to earn 1 Point for every Php100. 00 worth of purchase in any XM Branch nationwide. Purchases less tha n Php100. 00, will still receive corresponding fraction of a point. Card holders will be able to see the number of points in their cards every time they shop using XM Plus Card or by going to any XM Customer Service Counter. The points earned for the current transaction as well as the number of points will be displayed at the bottom of the transaction receipt. The standard value of 1 Point is Php1. 00 and is valid for three years. For the redemption of XM Plus Card Points, those points reflected in XM Electronic Records shall be deemed correct and XM has the exclusive right to determine the available amount of points to be awarded to or redeemed by the Member. Points redeemed may no longer be changed, revoked or cancelled. 2. 2 Management Section The whole operations procedure will be explained in this section.

Free Essays on Robert Wagner

There have been many great operas composed throughout recent history. In many of these operas there is a plot or theme that has been taken from an ancient myth, legend, or story. Most of the composers in history maintain the same approach when dealing with the connection of opera and historical tales. One composer who follows this concept is Richard Wagner. The opera that he composed was Der Fliegende Hollander. Wagner was also the librettist in this opera. The composer chose to create this opera as a result of his journey across the New Sea. Hs experiences inspired him to develop the opera based on the legend of the Phantom Ship. This legend is about a sea captain who swore he would sail around the Cape of Good Hope, even if it took him forever. As a result Satan dooms his soul to the sea for eternity, unless he finds a woman to break the curse. Another opera based on a legend is Der Freischutz by Carl Maria von Webber. The librettist of this work is a man named Friedrich Kind. The title of this play when translated into English means â€Å"The Free Shooter†. This translation is as accurate as they could make it. This work is based on a German legend. The legend explains that a marksman, who uses charmed bullets, could secure these bullets by agreeing to hand his soul to the devil on a planned date. If the marksman could find another victim by the set day then he would be exempted. Henry Purell was an English composer who contributed the opera Dido and Aenas. The librettist of this work was Nahum Tate. The plot of this opera was based on the episodes in the Aeneid of Vergil. This tale involves a man and woman who fall in love with one another. Then one day the man is falsely told that the gods had asked him to sail to Italy, and so he went. When the women learned of this she took her life, she stabbed herself on a funeral pyre. There is no question that there is a relationship between opera and historical le... Free Essays on Robert Wagner Free Essays on Robert Wagner There have been many great operas composed throughout recent history. In many of these operas there is a plot or theme that has been taken from an ancient myth, legend, or story. Most of the composers in history maintain the same approach when dealing with the connection of opera and historical tales. One composer who follows this concept is Richard Wagner. The opera that he composed was Der Fliegende Hollander. Wagner was also the librettist in this opera. The composer chose to create this opera as a result of his journey across the New Sea. Hs experiences inspired him to develop the opera based on the legend of the Phantom Ship. This legend is about a sea captain who swore he would sail around the Cape of Good Hope, even if it took him forever. As a result Satan dooms his soul to the sea for eternity, unless he finds a woman to break the curse. Another opera based on a legend is Der Freischutz by Carl Maria von Webber. The librettist of this work is a man named Friedrich Kind. The title of this play when translated into English means â€Å"The Free Shooter†. This translation is as accurate as they could make it. This work is based on a German legend. The legend explains that a marksman, who uses charmed bullets, could secure these bullets by agreeing to hand his soul to the devil on a planned date. If the marksman could find another victim by the set day then he would be exempted. Henry Purell was an English composer who contributed the opera Dido and Aenas. The librettist of this work was Nahum Tate. The plot of this opera was based on the episodes in the Aeneid of Vergil. This tale involves a man and woman who fall in love with one another. Then one day the man is falsely told that the gods had asked him to sail to Italy, and so he went. When the women learned of this she took her life, she stabbed herself on a funeral pyre. There is no question that there is a relationship between opera and historical le...

A Synapse Happens When Psychology Essay

A Synapse Happens When Psychology Essay A synapse happens when the electrical activity in the pre-synaptic neuron influences the post-synaptic neuron. There are two types of synapses in the body, the electrical (gap junctions) and chemical. Electrical synapses occur in pre and post synaptic neurons that are joined via gap junctions. A chemical synapse releases a neurotransmitter molecule that is triggered by an action potential. The neurotransmitter is then released into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter is diffused across the cleft and binds to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron and can trigger a new action potential. In further detail, when an action potential begins in a neuron, it travels down the axon, when the action potential reaches the axon terminal, calcium channels open, and calcium ions rush into the neuron. The neuron then makes and stores neurotransmitter in vesicles. When calcium binds to the vesicles, the vesicles carry neurotransmitter toward the presynaptic membrane. When the vesicles contact t he axon terminal membrane, the neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft. The action potentials arriving at the presynaptic terminal cause voltage-gated calcium ion channels to open. Calcium ions (Ca2+) diffuse into the cell and cause synaptic vesicles to release acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter molecule. After the release, the neurotransmitter is still in the cleft, which then can be removed by diffusion, re-uptake, and deactivation. A reuptake is when a transporter moves the neurotransmitter back into presynaptic neuron which uses energy. Deactivation is when the enzyme breaks neurotransmitter down into parts. The acetylcholine is broken with the acetyl cholinesterase. This happens in the synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. The postsynaptic neuron receptors are activated. In this case, these receptors allow Sodium in the neuron by facilitated diffusion, causing an action potential to sta rt in the postsynaptic membrane. Neurotransmitters are released from receptors and diffuse back to the synaptic cleft. Vesicles recycle some neurotransmitter to prepare the neuron for its next action potential. Acetylcholine molecules diffuse from the presynaptic terminal across the synaptic cleft and bind to their receptor sites on the ligand-gated sodium ion (Na+) channels. This causes the ligand-gated sodium ion channels to open and sodium ions diffuse into the cell, making the membrane potential more positive. If the membrane potential reaches threshold level, an action potential will be produced. There is a specific neuron for each colour, shape, when we think of two different things; two neurons make a connection, these results in thinking, learning and our behaviours. Learning involves neurons in the brain and the synapses between them. Neurons ad synapses make connections in order for us to think and learn new things. Signals are sent from one neuron to another by jumping ac ross the synapse. In the process of sending signals, it involves the presynaptic neuron, the neuron sending the signal, the neurotransmitter which is a chemical released by neurons at the synapse for the purpose of relaying information to other neurons via receptors. The synaptic cleft is the space across which a nerve impulse passes from an axon terminal to a neuron or effector cell. The receptor molecule is a protein that recognizes a specific 3-dimensional shape which then goes into the postsynaptic neuron, the neuron which receives the signal.

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Strategic Management - Essay Example Primark has been a retailing giant in the fashion industry that has over a few years been successful. Some of its strategies have over the years included effective marketing to specific targets across Europe. Primark’s target market is mostly the fashion sensitive age group which is basically people with the age below thirty five years of age. They also deal mostly with brand names that are minor, which translates to cheap quality fashionable trends. They have maintained their market by providing the same product of the same quality at a lower price than their competitor provide. This accompanied with the effective management of response and delivery mechanisms has ensured that Primark has maintained its competitive and reliability position in the European market. Their computerised warehouse controls and an effective efficient distribution networks has made sure that Primark stays top notch in customer satisfaction. With the current technological capability, social life has b een incorporated with the business aspect of running things. Companies have been compelled to adapt social media and the use of the internet to provide their services. Marketing and advertising have been forced to tap into the high usage of internet to make a large profit. With just under three billion people using the internet and over two billion people using smart phones, companies have resolved to a paradigm shifts. Some retail and distributing stores have moved from slightly depending on the internet to full dependence of the internet for all their services. Companies like Amazon and eBay who are also giant retailers have completely depended on online shoppers successfully for their sales. Primark has been reluctant to adapt to this marketing and sales strategies but has just kept the traditional walk in stores. This habit is however facing a challenge as more people change their shopping habit coupled with the various technological products that arise in the market. With Prima rk’s main target being people who are below thirty-five years of age, they are bound to adjust and shift into providing online shopping solutions for their clients. This is because it is estimated that the highest number of internet users are people who are below the age of thirty five years. This brings Primark head to head in confrontation and demand from its customers. With the global penetration of internet use, coupled with the increase in the use of mobile devices especially smart phones also creates the necessity to Primark of adoption an online shop. The demand in the usage of these solutions provides a huge market in the retail sector. Another factor that might make it inevitable for Primark to adopt the online retail shop is the use of social media marketing and internet marketing. Over one, half of Europe’s population has one or two active social media accounts. The usage of mobile phones and tablets has been very addictive and convenient at the same time. A large number of people rarely get the time to walk around, let alone spend time with their families. Online jobs and jobs that demand regular travelling or jobs which have squeezed time schedules create least chances for shopping to the affected people. This drives away all the interested clients that might have purchased the said products. Providing such clients with an alternative shopping model enables them to purchase the products online at any time. This not only stops the retailer from losing

The Comparison of Two Top Selling Sales Contact Management Software Essay

The Comparison of Two Top Selling Sales Contact Management Software Company - Essay Example Every company is aiming for results and to be way ahead of its competitors. The company's goal upon buying contact management software is to efficiently manage large number of contact information as well as minimize cost by starting-up with low operations and training costs. Two of the top selling contact management software companies are ACT! by Sage Software Inc., and GoldMine Software UK. Over the years, it has always been an argument as to which company provides better products. These two companies have long been tough rivals in the contact management software world. Sage software has been developing automated support in business management for over 25 years. With a wide range of front office and back office solutions including accounting, human resources, payroll, fixed asset management, customer relationship management, and e-commerce software - Sage Software offers award-winning products and services that have revolutionized the way small and mid-sized companies do business in today's marketplace. (Company overview) Sage software is catering to the small scale business establishments with 25 employees or fewer and medium scale business establishments with over 500 employees in North America. Act! By Sage is the contact management solutions software which the Sage Compa... These are: Act!, which caters to companies with 1-10 users, Act! Premium for Work Groups, which provides for companies with 5-50 users, Act! Premium for Web, which can be accessed anytime, anywhere, ACT! for Palm OS and ACT! Link for Use with QuickBooks. Its latest version for ACT! Contact management is ACT! By Sage Version 8.0 which was launched in Manchester last December 13, 2005 (Onsite Marketing Solution). This version allows the company to use its built-in sales process system or customize its own system to track down, monitor and maintain the customer relationship and communication as well as the accuracy of sales forecasting and trends. With the use of this system, companies can analyze the trends of sale and profile of their customers thus, making it easy for them to plan an effective marketing and sale campaign. Through this system, communications from customers such as mail shots, letters and meetings are easily tracked down. GoldMine Software Corp. GoldMine Software company is a private company founded in 1989 by president Elan Susser and executive vice president Jon V. Ferrara. (Schupbach et al, 1999) The company was first known to be Elan Software but sometime later, the company changed its name to GoldMine Software and then after a merger with Ben Data, which owned the HEAT products, ultimately became FrontRange Solutions. (2003) The first ever designed software for GoldMine was Business Contact Manager. This software is designed for Insurance, Legal Services, Real Estate, Engineering, Government or other leading professions of small scale and medium scale business firms and the mid-market. GoldMine Software assures a fast return on investment and low operational cost but provides a wide range of easy to implement

Working in Health and Social Care Essay Example for Free

Working in Health and Social Care Essay For my unit 11 coursework I was required to produce a letter to inform the job of my interest that I was hoping to interview them and to ask for their consent to participate in my interview giving them the choice to take part or not. A consent letter was placed at the bottom of this letter to allow them to tick the answer of their choice. My chosen participant was a midwife in whom I chose to interview because this is the job that I hope to do in my future and I figured it would be interesting to find out more about the job they do. I have recently done a lot of research about this job and have already gained some knowledge of what it is like for a midwife and the job they do. Within my interview I figured I was going to need as much information as I possibly could, hence the reason I used 41 relevant questions. I found that all of my questions worked well in my favour as I found out all that I needed to know from the midwife I interviewed. During the interview I found on some questions I needed extra room to write down what my interviewee was telling me as this must have been a very detailed subject within that job/task. Throughout my interview I used a wide range of question types; however, I particularly used open questions as I found that this gained me the most information and allowed the interviewee to explain what she had been asked in her own words/opinion. I used 13 open questions to help me gain the information I received from my interviewee. For the closed questions in my interview, those which have a basic answer of yes or no, I figured were not the most reliable questions, and therefore the reason I only used a small amount of 7 closed questions, as this only allows the interviewee to state a very basic answer, not being able to explain any feelings which was mainly the reason I used open questions to allow the participant to express their own personal feelings about a certain subject within their job. Some questions I joined some questions together so they were an open with a closed, with this method allowing me to gain a little more information than I would if it was just a closed question. I found it helpful to use ranked questions throughout my interview (a rating scale type question) allowing them to choose an answer from a scale already there for them. This type of question was put into place when I wanted to know how high or low their opinion was e. g. How much job satisfaction do you receive? with a scale of 1 to 10 below for them to circle their numbered opinion 1 being the lowest and 10 being the highest I used a rating scale 4 times throughout my interview. Another type of question that works in the same way as this one is to what extreme in words is their opinion of the question e. g. How much responsibility does your job involve with a range of boxes for them to tick below Very high , High Average, A little and None. Ethics is about a persons behaviour and attitudes towards everyday life, distinguishing between right and wrong. Most people learn ethical norms at home, at school, in church, or in other social settings. Although most people acquire their sense of right and wrong during childhood, moral development occurs throughout life and human beings pass through different stages of growth as they mature. Ethics is about relationships, being true to the idea of who different people are and what they stand for and having courage when it comes to difficult questions that occur throughout life and accepting the cost. For my two chosen jobs, a Midwife and a Care assistant I chosen to interview a midwife as I found that this would be more beneficial to me and my career path, finding out about their job and what they do giving me more of a background idea of what to expect.

ESL in DoDS Schools :: Free Essay Writer

Young Arzu Alp(not her real name), a ten-year-old military brat, is starting mid-semester at her third school in four years. Nervously standing before the American flag, she anticipates trouble understanding the teacher, hopes for just one new friend, and speaks English as a second language. Arzu need not fear. Her family has been stationed where the school she will attend instructs over 100 hundred English as a Second Language students by three specialized teachers and a competent faculty. Unlike her first year in the Department of Defense District School system when she spoke only Turkish, this semester she will test for Level Four and be very close to breaking her language barrier. She has seen others do this and excel in all other areas as well. The talented and gifted program at her new school is made up of 50% ESL students. In fact, the principal boasts that ESL students often finish high school as valedictorians or salutatorians. (M. Fidler, personal communication, June 9, 2001). Immersion of ESL students in mainstream classes has its advantages and disadvantages. Beginning with enrollment to testing through four levels of English comprehension to graduation, the potential obstacles are unique to ESL students. As we journey through Arzu’s experiences in the ESL program at her new DoDDS’ school, we will assess its productivity and describe its methods of success. One teacher at her new school feels that having ESL students learn side-by-side American, English-speaking only students creates an environment of cultural diversity. Multiple beliefs, traditions, and allegiances adds spice and enrichment to classroom interactions. (M. Fidler, personal communication, June 9, 2001). This is especially true at Arzu’s school where the different backgrounds pepper every classroom and there is no dominant one. Everyone is somewhat culture-bound. Within each culture, there is a unique coherence, integrity, and logic (Snowman, Biehler, 2000). These two statements and believing that one culture is not better or worse than the rest is the ideas on which cultural diversity, or pluralism, is based. One English/History/Humanities teacher articulates this attitude by commenting that relationships must be based on tolerance and mutual respect (M.Fidler, personal communication, June 9, 2001). In response to the question, â€Å"Do cultural differences cause problems in the classroom?† twelve out of twelve teachers and both the principal and vice principal agree that they do not.

Case Study of Personality Theories Essay

Abdul Hnnan a 12 year old boy, who has been presented with language, academic and behavior difficulties. Hnnan had a traumatic delivery and suffered from hypoxia. Hnnan’s early motor and language milestones were grossly delayed. He sat and crawled at 2.6 years of age and walked after 3 years. His language was delayed and he spoke his first words at 4.6 years to 5 years and in sentences after 5 years. His speech was unclear and could be understood by his parents at age 6 years. However, even now outsiders understood 75% of what he said. His gross motor skills and fine motor skills were poor. He started climbing stairs at 4 to 5 years and started pedaling at 5 years. He still could not pedal a bicycle, tie his shoelaces and button his shirt. Hnnan was a placid baby who did not respond, had no eye contact and had a squint. He slept for long hours and had to be force-fed. He was hyperactive, destructive and aggressive after 3 years. He banged his head. He disliked visitors and could get very distressed. He hated any object in the house being displaced and insisted on having everything in order. He was very difficult to manage. He liked to spin around and jump. At the age of 4 to 5 years, he started noticing other children and started taking interest in them. He became less hyperactive, less aggressive and was more amenable to instructions. However, presently he was still restless and jumped a lot. He could still spin around for hours. He liked being on his own but also could be talkative, over friendly and odd. He repeatedly asked the same questions and was naive. For example, during the interview he repeatedly asked â€Å"Can a cow hurt or not? What if I play with it, will it hurt me or not?† He had writing problems because of his hand tremors. He was always restless and distractible and could not sit for more than a few minutes. His memory was very good but his understanding was weak. His mother has to sit with him for hours to teach him language and concepts. He has difficulty with understanding complex or abstract concepts. He did not have problems in social interaction but had difficulties in social communication and imaginative and flexible thinking. Difficulties with self control is presenting as restlessness, inability to follow adult agenda and paying attention to other people, to what they might be saying, thinking or feeling. SOCIAL HISTORY Abdul Hnnan was born in Lahore, Pakistan by Pakistani parents. He was the first child in the family. His mother, Wajiha, had a positive family history. One of her cousins was mentally retarded. Hnnan was born at term. His mother had high blood pressure. The labour was prolonged, 11 hours and a caesarean was suggested but refused. He was born limp and blue. He had hypoxia. He was in NICU for 5 days. His birth weight was 2.54 kilos. He cried well after 15 days of life. Hnnan’s early motor and language milestones were grossly delayed. He started noticing children at 4 or 5 years and started taking interest in them. Hnnan’s younger sister, Amen, 3 years of age was very sociable and talkative. Hnnan’s father was more patient and his mother more irritable. Hnnan was very difficult till age 6 years and was aggressive, non-compliant and unreasonably demanding. As he grew older he became more co-operative and could be rationalized with. Whenever his mother asked him to do something he ignored 5 to 6 times. After that he started to argue. His mother used reprimands, bribes, threats and force to make him do things. Hnnan did not go to school. The family moved to Saudi Arabia when he was 7 years old. His parents took him to a Neuro-Developmental Pediatrician when he was 9 years old. His mother reported that he did not like to play with toys. All he did was jump on a bed or spin around. He was very restless and distracted and had a short attention span. He could be very stubborn and insisted on doing things his way. He was generally cheerful and friendly. He repeatedly asked the same questions and insisted that his parents answer them in the same way or he answered them himself. He watched the same cartoons repeatedly. He constantly jumped or spun around. He used to grab things from strangers. He ignored a child crying till age 5 years but after that he gradually became more empathetic. Hnnan avoided staying in crowds as he knew that he was different from others and that’s why people were laughing at him. After that his condition got better. Following difficulties may become apparent in early childhood: Problems performing subtle movements, such as tying shoelaces, doing up buttons and zip, using cutlery, handwriting. Many will have difficulties getting dressed. They have problems carrying out playground movements, such as jumping, playing hopscotch, catching a ball, kicking a ball, hopping and skipping. They have a higher tendency to bump into things, to fall over and to drop things. Some find it hard to go up and down stairs. Some have problems with using scissors, coloring, drawing, playing jigsaw games.

Keats’ presentation of time Essay

Compare and contrast Keats’ presentation of time, transience and mortality in â€Å"Ode to Autumn† with that in â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn and â€Å"Ode to Nightingale†Ã‚  During the period of 1814- 1820 Keats was at his most successful throughout this time he wrote both of his major poems â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† and â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale†. Another flourishing poem of his was â€Å"Ode to Autumn† which he wrote shortly before his death. In this essay I will be addressing many areas, clarifying Keats’ thoughts and feelings. To do this I will compare and contrast the way in which Keats presents time, transience and mortality I will then explain how this idea is a delusion and how Keats realises this. To conclude these ideas I will find evidence for resolution to this point in â€Å"Ode to Autumn†.  Keats is very conscious of mortality for the duration of both â€Å"Ode on Grecian Urn† and â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† because Keats feels this apprehension he tries to escape by imagining immortality. Keats writes â€Å"struggle to escape† (line 9) in â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† and this reveals Keats is questioning himself, along with why he cannot escape the thought of eventually dying. Many emotions are expressed while he goes through this experience. Keats feels very envious of the nightingale and this is shown in â€Å"tis not through envy of thy happy lot† (line 5). Keats wants to escape from this depression and also the knowledge of mortality. The main idea of this escapism shows Keats trying to go back to the state of Innocence; he may feel that he wants to be able to enjoy his life with his brother again and to also not have to worry about life’s troubles. In â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† and â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† envy can be linked to escapism, as Keats feels this envy he gets led to wanting to find escapism. In â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† Keats writes â€Å"Thou foster-child of silence and slow time† (line 2) this may suggest that Keats is envious of the figures on the urn and how they are still able to enjoy their child hood and also their child-like innocence. Keats enjoys being around the figures on the Urn and also seems to associate them with beautiful people and this is shown in this quote where he describes them as â€Å"happy, happy† (line 21). Since this feeling he may envy the thought of the figures on the urn being immortal, Keats does not actually know whether these people are immortal but he thinks that is the case. This is because he may feel that mortals cannot be happy with the thought of eventually dying and as these figures appear happy they therefore must be immortal. There is similar situation in â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† the atmosphere starts to become rather intense and Keats then quotes â€Å"away, away!† (line 31). Keats is desperate to follow the nightingale, he even considers following it and flying away with it. Keats thought that originally he would be left with a feeling of ecstasy whereas he was left with feelings of emptiness. In â€Å"Ode to Autumn† Keats no longer feels the need to be envious of other things. He now feels that all he can do is ask questions for example â€Å"Where are they† (line 23), Keats unfortunately does not know the answers but he still seems content with asking the questions.  Throughout these three poems Keats has been excessively trying to seek resolution and emotional fulfilment. Unfortunately he cannot find either in â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† nor â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† whereas he does in â€Å"Ode to Autumn†. In â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† Keats writes â€Å"Do I wake or sleep?† (line 82) as well as â€Å"was it a vision or a waking death?† because he is searching for these emotions all he feels is that he can do is ask questions and this is because he has no answers for why he cannot seek and successfully find emotional fulfilment. In â€Å"Ode to Autumn† he finally finds what he has been looking for, emotional fulfilment, Keats says â€Å"lives or dies†. He shows that he has found resolution whilst also realising the longer he lingers over the past the more he will miss the present time.  This I called ‘carpe diem’ Keats is no longer bitter and now knows how to appreciate the future and accept his fate. Keats’ imagery ranges among all our physical sensations: sight, hearing, taste, touch, and temptation etc†¦Keats repeatedly combines different senses in one image, which is, he attributes the traits of one sense to another. This imagery performs a major functions in the two poems â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† and â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale†; this is the combining of senses normally experienced as separate experiences. The images could be the ability to sympathise and humanize natural objects. Many examples of this mainly appear in â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale†- for example â€Å"In some melodious plot of beechen green† (line 8/9) this combine sound â€Å"melodious† and also sight â€Å"beechen green†. In stanza 4 there is an excellent use of imagery â€Å"but here there is no light â€Å". Keats then goes on to say â€Å"Save what from heaven is with the breezes blown† (line 39) this is useful as it the image describes light filtering through leaves moved by the wind. The effect that this has is to show that Keats is feeling that death and the thought of eventually dying is draining all the good things out of life.

Educational Philosophy Essay Example

Educational Philosophy Essay Example Educational Philosophy Essay Educational Philosophy Essay How do educational philosophies and theories affect the statement of purposes and goals, curriculum, instruction, and values? Educational philosophies and theories help direct teachers in formulating their statements of purposes. For example, if a teacher believes that the constructivist theory is the best, then he or she will develop their instruction around activities that allow the students to bring their own experiences to the material they are learning. The teacher contends that the learner will assimilate new material into the context of former experiences. In essence, the goals and curriculum are centered on the learner. Discussions and kinesthetic learning activities will dominate instruction. On the other hand, if a teacher holds more value in the objectivist theory, then the instruction will be centered on curriculum goals and specific objectives. For the objectivist view, the teacher contends that the learner must learn through textbooks, rather than through student experiences. If this is the case, then the teacher will have specific goals and outcomes in mind which are independent of the learner’s background knowledge. For objectivist instruction, a teacher might choose to provide direct instruction, emphasizing key concepts that the learner must know. Other classical educational philosophies like experimentalism and existentialism also shape an educator’s statement of purpose. For instance, if a teacher believes in experimentalism, then a student’s reality will be based on the experiences they bring to the classroom. Of course, those realities and experiences are always changing; therefore, the experimentalist teacher will shape lessons that prompt students to understand society and its problems. For existentialist theory, the learner is prompted to discover how they fit into society. As a result, instruction is more like constructivist instruction where the student is encouraged to discuss freely and bring individual experiences to the classroom. Regardless, how teachers want the students to see the world will shape the direction their lessons take in the classroom. Either instruction will be goal-oriented or student centered.

Causes and Consequences of Chernobyl Incident Research Paper

Causes and Consequences of Chernobyl Incident - Research Paper Example As a fact the power supply was already lowered down almost 15 hours before the experimentation had resumed this time. Later on, this emerged in a news report that the said nuclear reactor was functioning at almost 7 per cent of its full capability. Records indicate that the test begun at 01:23 a.m. local time (The Telegraph 2011). It took not more then the next 60 seconds and a dreadful accident had occurred. The power supply had intensified which led to two disastrous explosions. As a result, highly intensified radioactive substance was also unleashed. The reactor was thoroughly destroyed, leaving behind an immense cloud of radioactive substance that rose to an estimated 3,300 feet straight to the skies. Due to the intense force of the blast, some of the released substance gradually scattered in the surrounding areas yet most of it was able to travel as far as Western Europe (Park 1986). International news agencies became active. The incoming reports strongly suggested that the over all design along with most of the operating functions of this High Power Reactor were outdated and poor. A lack of safety measures and other omissions on the part of reactor’s operating crew were being further added to the latest insights that may have led to this happening. More causes that actually lead to this disastrous accident were clarified after months when Soviet officials declared that the accident was a result of several failures (Park 1986). In the year 1992, a report was put together for the UN nuclear power watchdog, in which chief of the reactor’s statement was also quoted. It read: â€Å"01:24, serious shocks.† This statement that was obtained from the operator log clearly indicates that things were pretty much out of control right after the experimentation had begun. The report further elaborates as the engineer explains â€Å"the rods of Reactor Control & Protection System had actually stopped moving before they had touched the lower limit ene rgy switches.† Later on, it was clarified in a report that was published in the Soviet newspaper that the atomic station was under-staffed during the accident, adding that most of the workers had left due to the upcoming â€Å"May Day holiday† This news added a lot to the situation. Some of the key engineers were also among those that were not present that day (Hoffmann 1986). Few analysts said that it was rather good that a less amount of people were available when the blasts occurred whereas others raised the point that this was probably an additional cause of the explosion. Due to the instant explosion, one of the workers was killed right away. His body was never to be found while another operating member lost his life after few hours following the grieve accident. He was taken to the hospital but could not survive. Firefighting team arrived in a short bit. They started their efforts to somehow extinguish the fire and take over the chaotic situation. More teams were summoned. All these fire-fighters were a target of an abnormal dose of radiation. Thus a total of 28 rescue workers along with plant’s serving members that were present at the sight would die in the up coming weeks. They were more likely to get infected by Acute Radiation Syndrome, commonly known as (ARS). Even though the number of causalities that had taken place and those that were to follow the leakage clearly called for a state of emergency, the Soviet authorities remained silent for another three days. On April 28th, TASS, an official