Issue Of Self Harm In Society Social Work Essay

Issue Of Self Harm In Society Social Work Essay This essay will discuss the complex issue that is self harm in society today; although word count will restrict many of the areas this essay will try and achieve an overall balance. The essay will look at the psychological causes and treatments available to service users via the National Health Service. It will be necessary throughout the essay to compare the issues surrounding self harm with that of parasuicide and suicide itself. Consideration will also be given to the views and perspectives of the service user with regard to the service they receive and where appropriate this essay will refer to practice experience to provide depth and insight into aspects of the discussion. Reference will also be made to the links with self harm in the animal kingdom. This brief discussion with animal self harm will be an attempt to show dual causation in humans and animals. Highly concise introduction, well done. In order to better understand self harm this issue must be clearly defined as to avoid inaccurate and misleading terminology as self-harm covers a wide range of behaviours some of which are directly related to suicide and some are not. Self harm (SH) or deliberate self harm (DSH) including self injury (SI) and self poisoning (SP) is defined as the intentional direct injury of body tissue without suicidal intent (Laye-Gindhu, A 2005., Klonsky, E.D 2007., Muehlenkamp, J.J 2005). Self harm is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-1V-TR) (1994) as a symptom of borderline personality disorder. However, patients with other diagnosis may also self harm including those with depression, and anxiety disorders, substance abuse, eating disorders post-traumatic stress disorders, schizophrenia and several personality disorders. Self harm is also apparent in high-functioning individuals who have no underlying clinical diagnosis. (Klonsky, E.D 2007). Guidelines for the treatment of self harm are not specified from NICE. What is self harm, self harm is deliberate damage of the body that is intentionally not life threatening, often repetitive in nature and usually considered socially unacceptable, 80% of self harm involves stabbing or cutting the skin with a sharp object (Greydanus, Shek, 2009). It is generally agreed that someone does not intend to die as a result of his or her self harm. However, many acts of self harm are not directly connected to suicidal intent they may be an attempt to communicate with others to influence or to secure help or care from others or a way of obtaining relief from it difficult and otherwise overwhelming situation or emotional state (Hjelmeland et al., 2002). Walsh and Rosen (1998) in discussing the difference between self mutilation and parasuicide have noted; In the case of ingesting pills or poison, the harm caused is uncertain, unpredictable, and basically invisible. In the case of self lacerations, the degree of self harm is clear, unambiguous, predictable as to course, and highly visible (Walsh, B.W., Rosen, P.M 1988). However someone who self harms is 50-100 times more likely to attempt suicide than someone who does not (Martinson, D. 1998).There are many reasons why people self harm, in a survey conducted of young people aged 16 through to 25 the most common reason was to find relief from a terrible situation (Samaritans 2001).Self harm is often associated with a history of trauma and abuse including emotional abuse, sexual abuse, drug dependence eating disorders or mental traits such as low self-esteem or perfectionism. (Swales, M. 2008) Emotionally invalidating environments where parents punish children for expressing sadness or hurt can contribute to a difficulty experiencing emotions and increased rates of self harm (Martinson, D. 2002). Abuse during childhood is accepted as the primary social factor as is bereavement, and troubled parental or partner relationships. Factors such as war, poverty, and unemployment may also contribute. In addition some individuals with pervasive developmental disabilities such as autism engage in self harm, although whether this is a form of self stimulation or for the purpose of harming oneself is a matter of debate (Edelson, 2004) It is noted that Service users who self harm give broadly three reasons for their behaviour these are, controlling mood, regulating moods in terms of how a person is able to cope with emotions and feelings especially feelings which are particularly unsettling unpleasant or intense. Communication, some people use self harm as a way of expressing themselves if those expressions are directed at others this can be seen by some as attention seeking and manipulation. Understand in what an act of self harm is trying to communicate can be crucial to dealing with it in an effective and constructive way. Control/punishment, people who self harm have often experienced traumatic experiences in their lives including emotional physical or sexual abuse. (Martinson, D. 1998). Self harm can be a form of trauma re-enactment or way of bargaining or engaging in magical thinking if I hurt myself I will prevent the thing I fear protect the person I care about. A common belief regarding self harm is that i t is an attention seeking behaviour however in most cases this is inaccurate. Many self- harmers are very self-conscious of their wounds and scars and feel guilty about their behaviour leading them to go to great lengths to conceal their behaviours from others (Mental Health Foundation 2006). People diagnosed as having certain types of medical disorder are much more likely to self harm in one survey of a sample of the British population people with current symptoms of mental disorder up to 20 times more likely to report having harm themselves in the past (Meltzer et al., 2002).People diagnosed as having schizophrenia are most at risk and about one-half of this group will have harmed themselves at some time. When assessed the majority of individuals engaging in self harm will be diagnosed with depression although two thirds will no longer fit the criteria after a year. This explains why nearly half of those who present to an emergency department meet criteria for having a personality disorder (Haw et al., 2001). However, there are problems with doing this because some people who self harm consider the term personality disorder to be offensive and to create a stereotype that can lead to damaging stigmatization by social care workers (Babiker Arnold, 1997., Pembroke, 1994). About one in six people who attend an emergency departments following self harm will harm themselves again in the following year (Owen et al., 2002). For the last 25 years it has been NHS policy that everybody who attends hospital after an episode of self harm should receive a psychological assessment (Department of Health and Social Security, 1984).While psychological assessment includes several components, the most important are the assessment of needs in the assessment of risks. The assessment of needs is to each item to identify those personal (psychological) and environmental (social) factors that might explain an act of self harm; this assessment should lead to a formulation, based upon which a management plan can be developed. Despite the importance of comprehensive assessment following an act of self harm many service users fall through the net. In many hospitals, more than half of the attendees are discharge from the emergency department without specialist assessment (Termansen Bywater, 1975; Thomas et al., 1996; Kapur et al., 1998). Patients who leave hospital direct from an emergency department and especially those who leave without a psychological assessment are less likely to have been offered to follow- up (Owens et al., 1991; Suokas Lonnquist, 1991; Gunnell et al., 1996; Kapur et al., 1998). In addition, those who do receive the psychological assessment (rather than the needs or risk assessment specifically) may be less likely to repeat an act of self- harm (Hickey et al., 2001; Kapur et al., 2002). These figures suggest that the service user is being set up to fail or more directly not being correctly diagnosed and treated properly. Service users experiences and attitudes to the services they receive can vary but most feel like the following quotation Got no help at all. All they wanted to do is pick on me like I was a naughty little girl, and it made me very angry, and I couldnt open all for how they treated me. I just dreaded going to see them (Harris, 200). Not only do these kinds of attitudes make users experiences of services unpleasant, but they can also increase service users echoes of distress. Not only are service users critical of emergency department staff, but patients admitted to hospital following self poisoning also feel isolated, ignored and inhibited by staff (Dunleavey 1992) a fast tracking of service users through the system should be considered to minimize harm resulting from their injury and to minimize distress. Service users also point out the importance of being listened to by staff even when the interaction is brief or only a single occasion (Arnold 1995). A safe environment and being li stened to it especially important since service users may reveal information about their injuries that makes them feel vulnerable, fearing negative repercussions. As a result of poor stuff attitudes towards people who self harm, service users feel that they are frequently treated differently compared with service users who have not self harmed. I was told off by nurses and the doctors; I just felt small. They do treat self harmers different to accident people. We are classed as suicides. The hospital staff just look at you as though youre wasting time. Thats how I felt. (Harris. 2000). Some self harmers, however, use the practice of self harm in a ritualistic way. This type of self harm has been practiced by different cultures for centuries, for example the Maya priesthood performed auto- sacrifice by cutting and piercing their bodies in order to draw blood (Gualberto, A. 1991). It is also practiced by the sadhu Hindu ascetic, in Catholic mortification of the flesh, in ancient Canaanite mourning rituals as described in the Ras Shamra tablets and in the Shiite annual ritual of self-flagellation, using chains and swords, that takes place during Ashura where there Shiites sect mourne the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (Reference). Another little known fact is that the animal world is prone to self harming and there is some correlation between animals and human beings on this issue. Self -mutilation in non-human mammals is well-established, although not a widely known phenomenon and its study under zoo or a laboratory conditions could lead to a better understanding of self harm in human patients (Jones, I.H., Barraclough, B.M. 2007). Zoo or laboratory rearing and isolation are important factors leading to increased susceptibility to self harm in higher mammals. Lower mammals are also known to mutilate themselves under laboratory conditions after administration of drugs (Jones, I.H., Barraclough, B.M 2007). In dogs, canine obsessive compulsory disorder can lead to self inflicted injuries, for example canine lick. Captive birds are sometimes known to engage in feather plucking causing damage to feathers or even the mutilation of skin or muscle tissue (20..?..) A good example of feather plucking in birds would be battery hens that are kept in cages with no access to movement or sunlight. Useful analogies! Many people who engage in self harm do so not that they intend to take their life or that they are seeking attention. People who self harm do so because they are looking for some form of relief from their situation. As a coping mechanism, self harm works for the person doing it. (Reference needed on coping mechanisms) Many self harmers who seek help in the form of medical attention face an uphill struggle in the face of adversity, negativity and disbelief from the service that is in situ to help them. Negative attitudes from medical staff and social care workers affect the self harmer and they feel increasingly isolated. Within the medical profession comes a coldness not afforded to accident and ill people, along with a lack of understanding and a lack of training. Communication with the service user as well as empowerment would enable service users to have a greater say in their treatment and rehabilitation and this would go a long way in addressing this problem. Service users know why they self harm but feel they are not being listened to. Until this issue is addressed the problem will go largely unchanged. (Need references for stigma and self harm treatment in A E)

A Place at the Table Movie Review

I’m glad that I was able to go watch the screening last week because the movie truly emphasized on the alarming situation in our country. I usually don’t like watching films that are relative to what happening to our nation but this movie really showed an impact to me. It's a national disgrace than nearly 50 million of our American neighbors live in homes that can't afford enough food. This compelling film explains why we have this problem, and, most importantly, what we can do to end it.I think everyone in America should see this film because it emphasizes how big the problem is. The movie powerfully displayed the real lives of actual people whom were struggling against hunger. And every single one of these individuals defied a common stereotypes of hungry people. I believe that many Americans believe that we can end U.S. hunger one person at a time, one donated perishable good at a time. They are all acting as a good Samaritan but they are wrong, as this film proves.W hen Ronald Reagan entered office in 1981, there were only a few hundred emergency feeding programs in America, most of which were traditional soup kitchens serving mostly the people who had been historically the most hungry, the single men with substance abuse or mental illness problems. Yet, as a direct result of the economic policies and social service cuts set in motion by Reagan, the number of emergency feeding programs in America skyrocketed, and continued to do so even after he left office.There are now more than 40,000 such programs in America, and roughly two-thirds of them are food pantries, where parents and their children, the elderly, and working people obtain free groceries. Meanwhile, hunger has soared. The truth is that these agencies simply don't have anything close to the resources needed to meet the demand. This vital film proves that the only way to truly end U.S. hunger is by advocating for fundamental change that include living wage jobs and a robust government safety net.

Torture and fear in the handmaids tale - 990 Words

Torture and fear in the handmaid’s tale. torture noun 1. 1. the action or practice of inflicting severe pain on someone as a punishment or to force them to do or say something, or for the pleasure of the person inflicting the pain. The handmaids tale is a novel by Margaret Atwood, It describes the life of a woman who is documenting her life as it goes on, As the book progresses we are able to see the amount of torture (physical and mental) that the woman of Gilead receive. Offred and other women in Gilead are well aware of Gilead’s rules and Offred acknowledges the punishments and the torture she will endure if she does not obey. Throughout the novel we can begin to see Offred disobey the rules and begin fighting the†¦show more content†¦Physiological torture is very effective in a society such as Gilead as it allows 100% control over what the people do. Gilead also portrays torture by placing disobedient women on the jail wall, hung by their necks. They are placed in public so that everyone is able to see them. The government officials keep control by forcing women attend ‘salvaging’s’ in which they are forced to view the execution of woman who’s crimes are not announ ced. Religion plays a major role in fear. It is used to ensure people fear breaking rules as they would be breaking something that god set them out to do. They are in fear that if they do something in which can result in a consequence, or the fact that they are doing something illegal, they are breaking Gods trust; The Gilead uses that to their advantage as they have greater control if the society is influenced by religion. Gilead follows an obligatory rule in which woman are forced to have a male counterpart, Gilead is a male controlled society but no matter how much woman are disregarded, they are essential for the successors of the society. Being fertile in Gilead is the only form of power a woman receives, infertile woman are often quickly disregarded. Gilead creates an atmosphere in which if you are capable of producing life, you are granted theShow MoreRelatedThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1548 Words   |  7 PagesIn Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale, Th e theme of gender, sexuality, and desire reigns throughout the novel as it follows the life of Offred and other characters. Attwood begins the novel with Offred, a first person narrator who feels as if she is misplaced when she is describing her sleeping scenery at the decaying school gymnasium. The narrator, Offred, explains how for her job she is assigned to a married Commander’s house where she is obligated to have sex with him on a daily basis, so thatRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1684 Words   |  7 Pagesensure the safety of all citizens however; women can be forced to face extremities if the laws and the government are patriarchal. 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In this book, Atwood explores the oppressionRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood927 Words   |  4 PagesWomen deserve freedom as much as men. They are both humans, therefore, must have the same rights. Margaret Atwood addresses this topic with her book The Handmaid’s Tale. The story takes place in a future dystopia called Gilead. Women lose all rights and become objects for men. The Handmaids are a great example. All of their names start with Of followed by their master’s name. The main character’s name, Offred, means of Fred’ s property. She is one of many women who are downgraded to objects. She breaksRead MoreAnalysis Of Margaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pages Psychological criticism has roots as far back as the fourth century BC, when Aristotle â€Å"commented on the effects of tragedy on an audience, saying hat by evoking pity and fear, tragedy creates a cathartic of those emotions† (Dobie 54). More recently, however, psychological criticism has been shaped and influenced by the work of Sigmund Freud. He developed theories concerning â€Å"the workings of the human psyche, its formations, its organization, and its maladies† that, while further refinedRead MoreEssay about The Palimpsest: Freedoms Dual Nature1194 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the very beginning of The Handmaid’s Tale, Margaret Atwood constructs the world of Gilead around a central metaphor: the palimpsest. By enforcing rigid controls, Gilead has wiped away almost all forms of female freedom—reproductive rights, independence, and the choice of when and how to die—with considerable success. However, like the faint outlines of older texts o n a palimpsest, hints of all these constructs and desires linger on. 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In a totalitarian society of decreasing birthRead MoreComparison between The handmaids Tale and 1894 (language as controlling force, language styles, structure and contexts3493 Words   |  14 Pages Both the novels 1984 and The Handmaids Tale provide warnings of how each author sees certain problems in society leading to dystopian states. Dystopian genres exist in both novels, but arise for different reasons. Resulting from Atwoods concerns about political groups and aspects of feminism; The Handmaids Tale illustrates how declining birth rates could lead to a state where women are forced into bearing children. In contrast, 1984 depicts a terror state where poverty is rife and tyrannical

The Music Of The 1940 S - 1273 Words

The music of the 1940’s was the Big Band sound like Tommy Dorsey, Glenn Miller, Duke Ellington and Benny Goodman. Popular singers were the Andrews Sisters, Kay Kaiser and many other famous ones. There were crooner style singers, including Bing Crosby, whose smooth voice made him one of the most popular singers. There was Frank Sinatra, Dinah Shore, Tony Bennett, Pat Boone, Nat King Cole, Kate Smith and Perry Como. All of these very popular singers led the hit parade. They sang the songs that went with the mood of the country in the early 50s. Many of these crooners became the idols of the decade’s later rock and roll stars, who used their influence to create a unique sound. Nat King Cole was not only one of the first African†¦show more content†¦Radio was the lifeline for Americans in the 1940’s, providing news, music and entertainment, much like television today. Programming included soap operas, quiz shows, children’s hours, mystery stories, drama and sports. Kate Smith and Arthur Godfrey were popular radio hosts. The government relied heavily on radio for propaganda. Like the movies, radio faded in popularity as television became prominent. Many of the most popular radio shows continued on in television, including Red Skelton, Abbott and Costello, Jack Benny, Bob Hope and Truth or Consequences. Although my grandmother was a young child during this time, she still remembers the music very vividly, but what she remembers most was her mother always singing along with the radio and dancing around the house as she performed her household chores. Bing Crosby also was a whistler and her mother could also whistle any tune just as good as he did. She passed this happiness and love for music on to my grandmother. As a matter of fact, both of my grandmother’s grandmothers passed on that love of music to her as well. It didn’t stop there. Along came the 1950’s. This is the decade that gave birth to Rock n Roll. There is no one type of popular ‘50s music. During the decade, soloists and crooners shared the stage with rock and roll, country and western, bluegrass, folk, Cajun and creole music. It’s impossible to pin ‘50s music to any one style.

Philosophy Of Nursing Teaching Nursing - 1454 Words

Philosophy of Nursing Introduction / Importance of the Philosophy of Nursing As professional nurses, we all have our different beliefs and perceptions as to the nursing profession. An individual philosophy of nursing is defined by each nurse’s belief. My philosophy of nursing is rooted in my fundamental understanding of human beings and their nature of existence, rooted in the values of accountability, compassion, and professionalism. I do believe as a nurse, one should possess the qualities of disease knowledge base, compassion, honesty, professional skills, patient advocacy, and autonomy in the conduct of their practice. Every nurse is responsible over their own actions and judgements. The importance / significance of the nursing philosophy is engraved through the beliefs/ values that I hold that captivates my practice. It enables me to offer compassionate care, not only to the patients but also to their families. You not only focus on meeting their physical needs, but their emotional needs as well. It is also important to maintain patients respect, honesty, privacy, and autonomy which goes to further a trustworthy relationship with your patients. Knowledge is also an important element that an effective nurse should possess. By being a well-rounded knowledgeable nurse, this ensures one is able to incorporate classroom knowledge and skills into their practice which forms a firm foundation on which to base his/ her nursing judgment on. Nursing Definition As illustrated,Show MoreRelatedTeaching A Personal Nursing Philosophy Essay958 Words   |  4 PagesWhen asked to develop a personal nursing philosophy caring was found to be the main component. Jean Watson’s Caring Science as Sacred Science reflects this philosophy in which caring is the predominate component needed in nursing. This paper will provided basic information on the Caring Science as Sacred Science Theory. The paper will further provide a personal example of a patient experience in which this theory shaped the care and healing of the patient. The personal experience to be shown in thisRead MoreNursing : Health Cooperation, And Personal Philosophy Of Nursing Care1339 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal: Philosophy of Nursing Care Introduction Nursing philosophies are used by many institutions and places of employment. It is important that student nurses and nurses read and gain knowledge from their facilities nursing philosophy. Philosophies give the nurse a guideline of how their facility defines the aspects of nursing and what is expected of them as nurses of that facility. 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My philosophy of nursing is based off the four concepts of nursing. The four concepts of nursing are person, health, nursing, and environment. My own philosophy of teaching is a result of numerous impacts including background, guideline, a mergingRead MorePersonal Philosophy of Nursing810 Words   |  4 PagesSeptember 2012 Personal Philosophy of Nursing The American Nurses Association defines nursing as, â€Å"protection, and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of the individuals, families, communities, and populations.† (American Nurses Association, 2004, p. 7) There is a lot of work in nursing. There are lot of cores, focuses, visions, and philosophies of nursing. 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Often used as part of the application packet for an academic position and in teaching portfolios for tenure and promotion reviews, teaching philosophy statements allow educators to reflect on their teaching practices and validate their success in teaching. Teaching philosophies can guide academic nurse educators by ensuring that they are using varied pedagogies that stimulate

Management problems Free Essays

string(100) " which were to be met by the organization and this brought about a need to have qualified managers\." Management problem is one of the major issues that affected many industries in earlier days and even today. Problem usually comes up with time which at time can be severe. It appears in varying degrees of severity. We will write a custom essay sample on Management problems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Problem should be identified so that they can consequently be solved and this can make a difference in the world. Management problems can bring about down fall of an industry since management is the basis of good industrial growth. Thus why there are quite a number of management problems which were diverse in time prior to industrial revolution as compared to modern time. In today’s industrial management, management problems are not quite many due to upcoming technology which helps the managers to deal with these problems accordingly in regard to management. Industrial revolution changed people’s earlier ways of making various products such as weaving, making of hand tools and other industrial products to use of machines with the help of manpower to make same products by use of different method of manufacturing. The changes which brought about industrial revolution are things like invention of machines which replaced the work of hand tool, steam was invented which was used in various industries to replace the use of muscles in human beings and animals and also adopting the factory’s system of operation. Therefore, due to these drastic changes, management was quite an important aspect in running these industries. In the time of cottage industries, they did not have any manager since the industries were small scale based industry which did not require any management strategies. Incase of those industries which were operated in small shop, they had managers but they were faced by a number of managerial problems. The early industries faced a lot of problems especially in management which was coupled with improper planning since the industries were quite small and those who operated them did not have diverse knowledge on various management strategies used in today’s industries. There was no complexity of operation and thus why managers who in most cases were the owners of those businesses felt that they had little to do in regards to management issue in those industries. In older days before industrial revolution most of production of industrial products took place at homes which made those who operated those productions to have no management strategies since their aim was just to produce the products that they needed and sell them locally which actually did not require any management strategies (Kelvin, N., Encyclopedia of Management 2006). Producers in time before industrial revolution used small hand tools in making simple products and therefore most of their operations were quite simple and did not require anyone to be the controller of those activities since only simple products were manufactured using these tools. Therefore, when the industries started revolutionizing various problems were faced since managers did not have enough potential to manage since they did not have these strategies. The industries started growing slowly which replaced the simple tools with complex machineries and this resulted to production of more products and since they could be sold in various markets which brought about a need to have managers so that all the operation of the industries could be managed from production to marketing of product. There were quite a lot of problems faced since there were no ready trained or experienced managers to handle the position. In early industries, the managers were faced with statistical problems since they did not have any records kept for their small industries and they did not have advanced managerial procedures which could result to keeping accurate statistics in regard to the products that they were producing. Lack of proper statistics in regard to their small industry progress did not help in establishing the progress of these industries and thus why most of them could cease to function at any time. They also did not keep the receipt of the things they sold since they sold most of their things locally and they did not value the aspect of keeping records. Due to lack of proper or no management in these small industries they did not keep records of their supplies and therefore they could not realize whether their industries were running at a profit or loss. (De, P.K, Project Termination Process in Indian Industries 2001; 19(2); p 125). Since most of the industries were home oriented there was no complexity of operation and therefore most of the owners could run the daily tasks of those industries independently or with the help of family members. These members did not have any managerial skills in them and therefore they just worked without any guideline of operation. When the industries started to grow, there was great need of proper management since the complexity of the industry increased and therefore operations needed to be managed. Employees in those small industries like in shop where some of the management strategies were initiated motivation since most of the work was done using simple tools and therefore less work could be realized which resulted to poor pay (Canback Staffan, Management Consulting Logics, 1998; 9(1); p.32).Therefore employee lacked motivation since the total output of their work was low. Due to this, managers could not be able to organize the workers since they were not motivated to work and this eventually lead to low production of the products in those industries. Early managers essentially lacked management theories which cold govern them on how to handle these small industries in order to uplift their standards of operation. The managers also had low experience which made them not to be aware of some of the managerial skills which can be established in these industries. Due to lack of these aspects managers valued workers as just an object of making profit for their industries. But due to the fact that these workers can not be programmed, they eventually developed various needs and desires which were to be met by the organization and this brought about a need to have qualified managers. You read "Management problems" in category "Essay examples" Increased competition in those industries posed great problems to the managers since they did not have potential to handle big enterprises and now with the emergence of these big industries, managers had to look for various ways to develop theories which could help in carrying on with the management issues of the industries. Competition challenge by manager was brought about by the in ability of the managers to reward the employee accordingly for the work that they have done which is basically by paying high wages to workers. If managers had strategies of rewarding employees and appreciating their work, the general output of their products could be increased. Therefore, workers should be given the wages that they deserve for the work that they do since the output. Managers also lacked exposure since the cottage industries were quite small and therefore even those who managed those industries did not acquire much on management strategies. Exposure to these aspects gained by the quite essential since experience is essential aspect of management strategies. There are a number of similarities of those problems which were faced during the time of cottage industries and after industrial development by the managers (McGee, Encyclopedia of Management Strategic: Management 2006). These problems consequently affected the industries since they have emerged to be big and therefore, lack of proper management can lead to a down fall of an industry. Management aspects after industrial revolution should be enhanced and managers should ensure that they are well acquitted with all the management skills needed for the industry. In today’s industries, management issues have faced a number of problems due to industrial revolution since the industries are growing drastically which requires a lot of management strategies. The problem of managing new and large industries is still experienced today since new technologies are coming up day by day that make changes in machineries that are used (Nisar, Problem and Management of Small Scale and Cottage Industry 1987). These changes should ensure that the manager have vast knowledge of the changing technologies so that they can be able to manage the operations of those machineries properly. Enterprises also aim at diversifying and enlarging and this can result to a big problem especially to those individuals who are used to managing small enterprise. These enlargements are as a result of competition and therefore mangers should learn various aspects of maintaining their workers since in a case of steep competition the workers can shift to other industries which have proper management and the strategies are favoring the employees. In the case of problem solving, this is a management problem being faced in industries even today due to lack of proper managerial skills. Problems within an industry can result to poor production and they usually arise as a result of misunderstanding between the managers and employees mainly on division of duties and workload of the employees in relation to the relative pay that an employee receives. Managers encounter these problems since they usually want to realize a lot of output than the input. Due to lack of important aspects of management such as paying their employee in regard to the work that they carry out that is to exercise the act of fairness in an industry which is an essential aspect of the management skill required by in an institution or industry. During the times of cottage industries, competition created serious problems to the industry sector managers since they had a big problem of rewarding employees according to the work they does. After industrial revolution many industries came up and therefore the managers have extra task to deal with the steep competition in various industrial sectors (Ford, Managing and Marketing Technology 2001). Some managers due to monopoly of industries do not have aspects of dealing with competitive marketing ability of the industries. Therefore due to lack of these aspects, the relative output of industry is not experienced. Some managers even in today’s industrial set up have low experience and management theories since most of the industry owners want to employ those individuals with low experience in fear that if they employ those experienced individuals the salary would be high and therefore they end up employing people with low experience or managing their industries themselves without being aware of the relevant theories which are needed in management of industries. Owners of industries should ensure that they employ individual who are experienced in industrial set up and also have management theories so that they can run the industry as per expectations of the owner. Ignorance in management is one of the aspect managers of various faces during their mission of carrying out management strategies in various industries. Assuming some small aspects of management can result to total loss in an industry and this is usually as a result of ignorance by managers. For example, managers should not feel that they are quite superior to the employee and fail to accomplish some of the issue that they put forward. This should be encouraged since employees are the only people who are aware of various problems that industries face since they are the main operator. Therefore, to alleviate these management problems of day to day running of industry the new technology which has been introduced in various industrialized countries should ensure that they use this technology to manage their industries accordingly (Gordon, Industrial Development 1998; 28(3), p.157).Technologies used to manage industries include things like internet, computer and other electronic devices which can be used to manage industries by keeping appropriate data of the country. Through learning of relevant managerial skills, modern managers ensure that employees are the core of decision making since they understand how the industry is running better. This is enabled by motivating them by giving them their dues appropriately what they deserve. Therefore, through technology it’s believed that these problems will finally end. Reference: De P. K., (2001), Project Termination Process in Indian Industries, International Journal of Project Management, 19(2), pg 119-126. Kelvin N., (2006), Encyclopedia of Management, Michigan: Thomson gale. Canback, Starfan, (1998), Management Consulting Logics, Journal of Consulting Management, 9(1), pg 19-38. McGee J., (2006), Encyclopedia of Management Strategic: Management, United State: Blackwell. Nisar A., (1987), Problem and Management of Small Scale and Cottage Industry, Hawthorne: Deep and Deep Publishers. Ford D., (2001), Managing and Marketing Technology, New York: Thomason Learning EMEA. Gordon A., (1998), Industrial Development, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 28(3), pg 134-176. How to cite Management problems, Essay examples

Marketing Management Of Tourism

Question: Write an essay on Marketing Management Of Tourism? Answer: Executive Summary The concept and process of marketing for CanTour is discussed. The elements of marketing in tourism industry are elaborated. The benefits and cost analysis is made on various factors that affect tourism industry. Segmentation, targeting and positioning is analyzed to reflect on the marketing mix.. The proposals developed for promotion to appeal the public are framed. Promotional strategy for different market is designed. Different tourist approach to attract customers to Greenwich tours is demonstrated. Introduction CanTour is a tourism agency set up on the coast of river Thames that is in South East London Greenwich. This location serves as an excellent place for accessibility because it serves various advantages like exposure to goods and services for a particular area for short amount of time. Tourist guides help in making the tour as a memorable experience for the tourists. They also leverage offering discount coupons for food places and restaurants. CanTour with regard to Greenwich Tourism meets standards set up by tourism board so that the tourist visit and refer more people to visit their place and choose them to provide tourist service. Brand overview is done to relate to target markets. Strategic goals must be framed that achieve objectives and performance indicators to measure success. Assessment of social media and website optimization is done for a plan arrangement for promotions in educational fairs, events and destination trips (Blythe, 2011). Elements Of Marketing Product- This element identifies the type of customer, level of service and standards provided by CanTour. Unique selling point is identified which helps in standing a way out from other competitors. It may also be noted that the product life cycles are turning shorter so that the offerings of CanTour increases likely in the next two or three years. For viability and continuance of business, resources are allocated to improve product and also adds in development. Market research is to be conducted to monitor and identify opportunities and problems to meet the demands of market (Butowski, 2011). Price- The pricing of CanTour could be a little confusing to new industry players. The pricing is set up as costs attributable to the tourism plus profit margin. Also there is commission involved with retail agents who expect a commission between 10% and 20% while commission for wholesalers being between 20% and 30%. Inbound Tour Operators or ITOs charge approximately 25% to 35%. The retail price includes the net rate plus the commission chargeable plus Goods and Service Tax (Carroll, Carroll and Carroll, 2011). Place- This element refers to channels at a national or international level that includes Retail agents, Wholesaler agents and Inbound Tour Operators. The target market is Greenwich or South-east London on the coast of Thames River which is accessible by boats, buses, over ground trains and DLR. The people visit River Thames because it is a centre attraction of London and its accessibility. The growth of online market has increased rapidly the number of tourists. This cuts down intermediaries and book with the providers directly. Online booking for tours also helps is making it convenient for the people who visit the place. Booking in advance saves a lot of time and inconvenience (Conrady and Buck, 2012). Promotion- There are two promotional strategies followed for CanTour marketing- Above the line includes Promotion in the media channels like television, newspapers, websites, radio and mobile phones where the advertisers have to pay an advertisement on the basis of a predetermined format. Below the line promotions includes sales promotions, endorsements, direct mail or e-newsletters, personal selling, merchandising , trade shows and web listings (Crotts and Wolfe, 2011). In tourism business, there is another P as an element of marketing- Packaging- This element involves combination of several packages. It involves an attractive package that combines lodging or accommodation, transport and maybe food presenting them as a single price. It involves one major component, i.e. tourism and adds other offers creatively that the people think is hassle-free. They dont have to run or search for places or other facilities when they get it all summed up as a single package (Das Gupta, 2011). Evaluation Of Benefits And Costs Tourism is a service provided to people. It also provides employment to localities and generates income to revitalize economic conditions. Follow-up activities with special training to the tourist guide are also followed. Various tourist operations and management are conducted by CanTour. Marketing is successful when it is human-oriented and creatively communicates as well as impart information to the tourists. Effective tools to run a tourism industry depend on the training provided to the tourist guides. Training program to achieve marketing goals by improving knowledge through digital marketing or destination marketing is creatively assessed (French, Reynolds and Merritt, 2011). Evaluation of marketing orientation is done on the basis of two criteria namely, Product Criteria and Psychological Criteria. Product Criteria involves the following factors- Price or Cost- The pricing is done in such a way that takes an account of necessary expenditures that covers various factors like accommodation, food, entertainment taxes, and ticket prices for visiting historical places. Quality- The quality of services provided by CanTour will be well managed and of top-notch standards. The guides are well trained for their behavior and are knowledgeable so that they can impart to the tourists. Aesthetic Qualities- The aesthetic qualities of CanTour should be enhanced by taking the tourists to witness the aesthetic beauty in Greenwich. A walking tourism helps in exploring places in depth. Psychological Criteria involves the following factors- Social Needs and Satisfaction- It is a vital aspect of tourism. Walking tourism enables in exploring more tourist places and food places. They can roam around and rest as per their needs. Satisfaction of ego needs- Ego needs to be satisfied. The tourists should feel contented with the tourism. The walking tourism is planned in such a way that covers major historical places like The Cutty Sark, Maritime Museum, Greenwich Park and Queens House (Greenwichhistory.org, 2015). Image of the product on the lifestyle- The tourism is designed in such a way that all age groups can enjoy. The senior citizens and children would love visiting the park. While the younger generation would love visiting the museum, Queens House and Cutty Sark (Gupta, 2012). Analysis Of The External Environment The external environment is the forces outside the scope of a company which are effective in influencing and changing the companys structure and the way it does business. These forces are the condition in and around which a company is built. These forces are beyond the control of the company and the company must adapt itself to the external environmental forces to run a smooth business. Hence a PESTLE analysis is done to better understand the macro environmental forces and how it might affect CanTour. The Political forces are how the government and its norms affect the Tourism Industry. The Britain tourism industry has seen a great boost post world war two. Events like the demolition of Berlin wall had a profound impact on the tourism industry. The Single European Market has made it easy for the Europeans to visit countries. The government is watching over taking care of historic places by labeling them as heritage sights and thus giving a boost to the tourism market as more people are interested to see this (Hassan and Iankova, 2012). The Economic forces are the deciding factor of the financial growth of the business. The increase in cost of travel and the recession and sudden unemployment has lead to a decrease of incoming tourists. But there is a sudden rise of domestic tourist as people are more likely to travel inside UK than go abroad. Also people tend to book holidays by themselves and so tourism agencies are finding themselves in a loss. The Social forces that influence the business are that people have become increasingly independent when traveling. They like to prioritize their destinations and spend extra time in a particular places and thus chooses to go solo. Another factor is the epidemics and pandemics has lead to people cancelling trips and less people visiting if there is a fear of contamination (Hastings, Angus and Bryant, 2011). The Technological forces here have been positive in taking businesses further. Flexibility in booking through online portals and call centers has lead to an easy planning of tours. New offerings through these portals have lead to a wider consumer interest. Development of commutation services like airports and tour trains and buses has been increasing the number of tourists visiting (Hkhk.edu.ee, 2015). The Legal forces are the laws and regulations leading to tourism industry fluctuating between new rules and regulations. But the free trade and travel has lead to lots of inflow of tourists from various countries. The Environmental forces are today the major issues every industry is facing. The natural disasters like floods, volcanic eruptions, tsunami and earthquakes has deceased tourism somewhat. Other factors are the change in climatic conditions leading disrupting of the natural order and the beauty of places has been a factor in deciding the tourist influx. After the macro environmental factors it is the micro environmental factor which influences the business from all the corners. Porters five forces are discussed to better understand the characteristic of this forces and how they influence the tourism industry and hence CanTour (Hoffman and Bateson, 2011). The Threat of new entrants is one of the main issues which every tourism agency has to face. The profitable scenario of the UK tourism industry is attracting new agencies. But this will on the other hand will lead to a decrease in the profitability of all the firms in the industry. Threat from new or substitute services will be people focusing on other parts of UK and neglecting Greenwich as a tourist hotspot. People may also due to other reasons avoid the country or traveling as a recreational hobby all together. Also people might npt like the concept of a walking tour (Hstg.org, 2015). Bargaining power of suppliers or rather the retail agents will decide the cost factor of the tourism agency. Thus this people must be managed and smartly dealt with to keep the cost minimum (Hudson, 2012). Bargaining power of customers is the ability of the people to put the firm under pressure, to change its rates or other commodities. Brand switchers, buyer concentration and information are the factors that must be checked. Finally the Threat from rivals of the firm adds a competitive edge to the business so that there is constant innovation and competition in advertising and expenditure while balancing the pricing. The above study has lead to the conclusion that the proposed firm must take note of the macro environmental factors when they are thinking about the accommodation and lodging of the tourist. In case of the micro environmental forces, studying what the big players are doing and strategizing their own business in the same way would help in clearing all the obstacles present (Kozak et al., 2013). Market Segementation The market is segmented into various groups who will form the groups towards whom the entire marketing strategies will be targeted at. The Macro segmentation is the Organizational, Industrial and geographical segmentation. Organizational segmentation is when one organization avails the service of another organization. In this case one company or organization can contact tourism agency for planning an official trip (Lacy, 2011). Industrial segmentation decides that what kind of organization within the industry the customers will will want. In this case the consumers will prefer a guided walking tour than a short, sightseeing one. The geographical segmentation is the area that the organization will cater to. In this case the customers will be from Britain and mostly of other European countries. The Micro segmentation is what the customers demographic, psychographic and buying behavior will make them buy. The Demographic Segmentation suggests the groups below: The Old and retired people either single or couple with a reasonable amount at deposit would be a primary market when targeting. Independent travelers, young professionals are the second market who likes to travel around historical places and discover something new. Inquisitive tourists and researchers would be another major portion who will avail of the firms services. The much in love couples and honeymoon couples will form the quantitative part of the market where there will be most concentration Finally the families and college youths will form the small fraction who will take up walking tours as an option sometimes. They will occasionally want something different and confined and would avail the extra services offered (Managementparadise.com, 2015). Psychographic segmentation suggests the peculiar behavior or the thinking that is done by the customer while buying a product. For Tourism industry the customers will avail of the service that provides the best of the essentials within a proper price range. The trips should be detailed and helped by an educated guide. There should be enough time spent on visiting each spot and the accommodation should be proper (Mathur, 2012). Based on the European clients, the customer of walking tours would be either very conservative or particular about their trip and accommodation or would be casual yet savvy about it. The Behavioral segmentation is done on the preference or on buying choice and behavior. The customers of the tourism industry are mostly brand loyal to the agencies to which they always refer to while planning a tour. Others are brand switchers and choose the option which is best suitable to the trip they are planning on going. The third segment is the new customers who will avail of the agencies services for the first time while planning for a trip (Michman, 2012). Target Market Strategy The target market is ultimately the target people to whom all the marketing communications will be directed to. The target market hence chosen is: People from Britain and the other European nations, also a few tourists from other continents will are the prime target. The Age group will between 25 years and above. It is because the demographic segment of retired people, researchers, and young singles would form the dominant segment of the market. Thus the targeting strategy will be directing the marketing message to this people and promoting the simple and hassle free service provided by CanTour, which is convenient and as well much knowledgeable about the areas they are catering to (MihaliÄ , 2011). Positioning The positioning of the product is done as a new firm in the scenario of Walking tours, which although is much below in the price graph is trying to reach the quality segment. The consumers will thus perceive it as a good quality service within the minimum price range (Miller and Washington, 2011). Marketing Mix Buyer Situation The marketing mix elements are affected by the target market and for each different segment different kind of marketing mix strategy has to be applied. This could be better understood by the given two examples. A retired couple with a little money wants to spend it on Touring Greenwich for the first time- the product or the service would be convenient yet should be of a minimum price with the basic of accommodations provided. They would travel by trains, boats and buses and would spend quality time touring each place. Their guide should be knowledgeable local. The promotional element would focus on the easy payment and moderate price strategy at the same time denoting the places that will be the focus of the tour. The media used should be radio and magazine advertisements and press releases or events on Greenwich tourism will be attracted through this. As it is a demographic buying situation the marketing mix elements will be used in an individualistic way focusing on ease and convenience (Mkt.unwto.org, 2015). Coach company organizing tours of London for American and Japanese tourist- the service would be elaborate, and detailed, led by expert guides who possess utmost information about each sight. The major historical places like Maritime Museum, Greenwich park and Queens house are to be focused on. The pricing would have a competitive edge so that the best of accommodations and food service could be provided. The idea will be to infuse the rich taste of London. Promotional activities will be huge focusing on advertisements on national and international channels, radio and major travel magazines. With effective personal promotions and web advertising. Online payment options should also be available so that the client can customize their trip options. In case of organizational buying, it has to be an extravaganza for turning the activity into a goodwill program (Nyc.gr, 2015). Repositioning The company now wants to reposition it in the market so that the educational group is largely attracted by the Campaigns. The marketing mix is thus changed according to the necessities of the segment. The repositioning would require placing the company in the light of the customers who would perceive it as educational, beneficial, resourceful as well as very convenient and comfortable. The people are researchers, historical enthusiasts and students from national and international cities. Hence the Product- should be focusing on providing the best of services which will be qualitative and quantitative. The guides should be highly knowledgeable locals, who will give a brief review of each sight. The Price should be at a competitive range, offering quality accommodation and food service. The entertainment factors and special charge of visiting historical places should also be counted. Organizational tours will require commissions. Also commissions from the retailers and wholesalers are also to be counted. The Place where the tours will focus on is the historical places like Maritime Museum and Queens House which will provide much information and insight to the enthusiasts. The Promotional campaigns would be firstly public relation campaign implying the benefit of the tours in making a study of the historical importance. Advertisements in magazine, radio and tv will be much needed, along with online promotions and payment systems (Perreault, Cannon and McCarthy, 2011). Finally a good Packaging must be provided so that it covers the areas of interests and the customers can choose and customize their tour package. Competitive Advantage Sustainable tourism refers to the participation in maintain a balance between environmental factors, socio-cultural activities and political leadership. There are a number of factors responsible for maintaining sustainability in customer satisfaction that acts as a competitive advantage over other tourism industries (Ritchie, Carr and Cooper, 2013). They are- Quality of service- The service quality that includes friendliness, language skills, professionalism and complimentary services helps in keeping the company at the edge. While choosing guides for tourism certain things should be kept in consideration. Environmental factors- CanTour focuses on sustaining the environment by not hampering the surroundings and taking care of the environmental standards. Nature and biodiversity should be preserved (Rmg.co.uk, 2015). Infrastructure- The infrastructural facilities like location, convenience and package plans form the base of any tourism industry. It is located on the coast of River Thames providing an excellent and central location. Safety measures- Customers should be ensured of safety. The tourist guide should have a background check before he is appointed as a guide. He should take care that the customers face no criminal activities. Proper checking should be done even in the customer baggage to assure there is no scope for terrorism (Royalgreenwich.gov.uk, 2015). Place In Marketing Mix Tourism marketing follows different distribution strategies. It is used a product of distribution where internet is used in a wide concept. The most famous tourism companies like Cox Kings, Thomas Cook, SOTC act as wholesalers and retailers both. The tourist destinations are chosen for Cutty Sark, Greenwich Park, Maritime Museum and Queens House. The main attraction of any tourism industry is its infrastructure. The uniqueness lies in the position of intermediaries for a tourism industry. There are two basic functions performed by tourism industry. They are facilitating the purchase of service in advance and to increase the number of points of sales away from the service location. The overall objectives of the tourism industry are reflected by different strategies of distribution. The retail agents buy tourism products in small quantities while the wholesalers buy the same in huge quantities. Internet is the latest mode to reach the customers and SOTC is the website where informatio n on tours can be generated. In addition, payment through credit card is possible where services in advance can be selected (Tadajewski, 2011). Effect Of Price On Organizational Objectives And Market Conditions CanTour frames projects and plans in such a way that develops various fields. It has affected Tourism industry as well as other categories like construction, exports, agriculture and transportation. These sectors have experienced growth in the society and positive benefits have been derived. The methodologies and insights are used to measure development outcomes across tourism sectors. CanTour has taken economic measures like employment, conversation and development to analyze work from different perspectives. This has likely increased revenue and impacts for livelihood. Economic Impact- Results are measured by impact of visitor on different sites on the basis on income generated, employment rate and demand of services. Social impact- They are measured through analysis and surveys conducted as secondary data. Number of employment generated, resident behavior and attitude to tourism and household income changes also measures them. Baseline Impact- CanTour analyzes visitors in terms of their average stay and average expenditure. Technical tools and assistance for training is provided to the baseline for evaluation. Environmental impact- This involves monitoring of wildlife, land and human resources. Tools and technical assistance is needed to measure indirect as well as direct impacts on environment. Market Analysis- Market demand and intelligence helps in preparing reports about visitor statistics, seasonal variations and forecasts, trends for tourism that help stakeholders of the industry to take operational and strategic decisions (Tourism Marketing Concepts, 2015). Promotional Activities The tourism board makes promotional activities in three forms- Workshops- Workshops proves to be an efficient marketing tool between tour operators and tourism industry. They work through personalized sales channel that link with a large number of businesses at a very low cost in a very less span of time. There are three kinds of workshops namely- Internal Workshop, Direct workshop and Reverse workshop. Trade visits and Fairs- The tourist board also makes promotions in fairs conducted in the city. They distribute pamphlets or may do it by sponsorship. They help in involving with a huge number of people and even private and public companies. Other activities- Other activities like conducting presentations and trips are made for promotion. Trips reflect the places or sites that are attractions of the city. In presentation, the specialties are shown in a slide format to companies who would like to sponsor through the tourism industry. Press reports and tourist awareness programs are conducted to enhance promotion. Online Promotion- Social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Flickr, Instagram and various other sites are used for promotion of tourism industry. People who can act as a promotional activity by generating brand awareness regularly access these social networking sites (Tsiotsou and Goldsmith, 2012). Additional Elements Of Marketing Mix People- They play an important role in tourism. The behavior of local people towards tourist is very important. The tourism industry comprises of guides, the travel agents, sales staff, and staff of travel companies. The personnel who meet the needs of people on tours form an essential ingredient for tourism marketing. For dealing with the customers behind the counter is taken care by sales personnel. The tourist guides and staff interact with the tourists. They should undergo the special training that enhances their interpersonal skills (User, 2015). Process The process that follows tourism marketing is giving information on travelling. A series of operations that are needed for planning a tour should be itinerated. The planning and costing of tour is done that suits the requirements of an individual. The foreign currency guidelines should be given to people so that they are not duped. Physical evidence Physical evidences include brochures, visual images, layout and design of travelling, route maps, rules and regulations for tourist spot. These should be provided to tourists since tourism is a service and intangible in nature. Images for places and guidebooks should be provided which mention history behind places (visitlondon.com, 2015). Outline Marketing Mix i) Local people with children looking for an interesting half time activity- the service should be short stops at famous leisurely places, with a few culinary experiences. Price should be normal and below the competitive rate. The promotional activities will involve pamphlet distribution and radio ads. Local people with minimum knowledge could be used as a guide. The process will be planning and costing accounts and the physical proof consists of brochures and pamphlets along with tickets and tour guides (Weinstein and Weinstein, 2014). ii) Couples on holiday in UK looking for a romantic evening- the service would focus on beautiful places like Greenwich Park and Thames river. The focus will be on boat rides and dinner options in the place. The pricing would be costly so as to position it higher and provide an exotic experience. The promotional strategies will focus on advertisements on TV and magazines. When ads and online payment options are also a must in this case. The people involved must be trained and should possess good interpersonal skills. The physical proof will be brochures and tokens given as gifts on availing the service. Marketing To Travel Agents Individuals When marketing the service to a travel agent and when to an individual, different tactics have to be applied in each case by the Tourism Agency. In case of Travel agents the business is the first priority. There should be options of commissions when dealing with the travel agents. There will be bargaining pressure and a threat from rivals, hence the marketing tactics will involve offering cost benefit structure and easy pre-booking facilities to tap into the travel agent segment In case of Individuals more focus should be given on the service quality. Promotional strategies will be based on attracting customers. Online payment plans, detailed information provided on the tour and the attributes are also to be provided. They will be very particular about the accommodation, entertainment and food plans. Discounts should be provided to attract individuals in availing the offer. Thus these are two very different cases, for a travel agent its a professional attitude should be appointed on the other hand marketing to individuals require patience, quality service and out and out promotion (Weston and Mota, 2012). Promotion To Overseas Domestic Market While attracting overseas and domestic customers different approaches have to be taken. There is lot of foreign money earned through overseas clients and the government pressurizes to focus on this segment. On the other hand domestic market is essential to be kept entertained to generate goodwill and increase the domestic revenue. For Overseas Market-There is need for advertisements in TV and international magazines to reach the overseas customers. Focus should be on the world heritage sights and popular places. There should be a quality price range offered to the customers. There should be also advertisements in social media and web advertisement with much detail on the programs of accommodation food and entertainment factors associated with it. For Domestic Market- the focus should be on the aesthetic beauty of the places in Greenwich. The Londoners should feel proud about their sightseeing spots. All the promotional activities bring out the little details about Greenwich which are unknown even to the local market. Radio and magazines should carry ads and coupons on availing the service. The price should be put in a comparable price and advertisement through direct mailers, billboards is needed to attract the domestic client. When approaching the Canadian and Chinese clients focus should be on the attributes of Greenwich and why it is one of the unique and worth watching place in London. The presentation would include: A pictorial of the places of importance with detailing on each sight A list of places worth visiting beside this major sights and their historical link A list of the accommodation facilities, entertainment options and culinary experience which one might get must be jotted down. The price should be kept around the rates of Big players like Cox King The rich English feeling should be focused on so that the foreigners get a taste of Old London Easy online payment options should be available, customers should be able to choose the places they want to visit and the places they want to skip. Finally the views of the clients should be taken to organize the tour likewise. Conclusion Tourism combines various marketing strategies with volunteer opportunities that appeal a large number of tourists. Be in national level or an international level, tourism helps in installing water system in those localities where there is insufficient infrastructure. This is done to attract tourists by providing maximum facilities. A balance on tourist activities and its surroundings is to be maintained especially the environment. Products used should be environmental friendly and also a limitation is put on visitors to outdoor area. Marketing for tourism might be expensive in nature especially if it is done on an international level. Various funding sources for tourism agencies are taxes. If there are a large number of tourists attracted to a specific place or country or several neighboring countries, it is sensible to make marketing approaches there to make a larger reach among people. Partnerships are provided in this case. A position analysis is done to keep in check with the com petitors. Target market is selected based on profiles of travelers (Www2.gre.ac.uk, 2015) References Blythe, J. 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